Childhood Obesity And The United States - 1286 Words

Childhood Obesity in America Since 1980 the rates of child obesity have more than tripled which has caused a growing pandemic of childhood obesity in the United States. Out of all the young children and adolescents within the age group of two through nineteen about 12.7 million are obese. That is the equivalent of about 17% of America’s population that is suffering from childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is too prevalent in all American households. Childhood obesity is detrimental on a national scale, since it has been growing at a steady rate in the United States of children not reaching the daily-recommended physical activity, the absence of a balanced diet with overconsumption of eating, and more critically the increase of type 2 diabetes. Throughout the last twenty years there has been an increasing trend of childhood obesity. The trend of childhood obesity is highly discussed more than ever before because prior to 1980 there was not a pandemic of childhood obesity (Type 2 Diabetes, 2015, para. 2). Moreover, many people lack the knowledge of how harmful childhood obesity is and how it can negatively affect their children in numerous ways. However, it is important to realize that there is more than one factor that leads to childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is an increasing trend that supports a sedentary lifestyle and puts children at risk of social criticism, which can impact a child’s social skills negatively. For example, â€Å"obesity increases the likelihood ofShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : The United States1202 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood obesity is becoming one of the top public health concerns in the United States. â€Å"Over the past three decades, childhood obesity rates have tripled in the U.S., and today, the country has some of the highest obesity rates in the world: one out of six children is obese, and one out of three children is overweight or obese† (World Health Organization, 2015). With the drastic inc rease in obese children over the last 30 years and the huge healthcare associated costs many programs and incentivesRead MoreChildhood Obesity : The United States916 Words   |  4 Pagesrecent years, the issue of childhood obesity has gained major attention in the United States especially in the 21st century. The percentage of obesity has raised tremendously within the last decade. In a recent news article, American Obesity Rates Are on the Rise, Maggie Fox states â€Å"about 28 percent of the people in America admits that they are obese.† The United States has become the country with the highest rate of obesity in the world. Besides adults who are obese, obesity is also a common issue toRead MoreChildhood Obesity And The United States Essay1868 Words   |  8 Pagesoccurred called childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is defined as a child having his/her BMI (Body Mass Index) higher than 94% among children in the same age and gender group. One third of American children a re overweight and over 15% are obese (Lanham, 2009). Research and documentation is without dispute, our children are not just overweight, but physically and mentally becoming ill. Specialists are seeing specific life-threatening medical conditions, all associated with childhood weight issuesRead MoreChildhood Obesity And The United States Essay1782 Words   |  8 PagesChildhood Obesity In today’s society, there has been a plethora of achievements in technology, medical advancement, and educational platforms. However, with these new, exciting gateways has come several issues, some of which have become very serious. One of the most important hot button issues is childhood obesity. In fact, statistics show that since the 1970’s, the obesity rate in children’s ages range two to five in the United States, has increased over five percent alone, as well as over tenRead MoreChildhood Obesity : The United States1792 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"President Obama established a Task Force on Childhood Obesity clearly stating his goal to solve the problem of childhood obesity within a generation† (Eschmeyer). Therefore, he launched the Let’s Move campaign where Michelle Obama was the leading spokesperson for. Furthermore, she played an important role in helping to improve the food nutrition policy. As nearly everyone knows the issue of childhoo d obesity has been on the rise in the United States. In fact, children ages 6-19 have a one out ofRead MoreChildhood Obesity: An Epidemic in the United States826 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"Between 16 and 33 percent of children and adolescents are obese† states (Children and Teens, 1). Yes, one fourth of all children in the United States are obese, and inevitably this number will continue to rise. Obesity is one of the most obvious conditions to recognize, yet one of the most difficult to treat for quite a few reasons (Children and Teens, 1). Childhood obesity has been an epidemic in the United States for many years, but has recently skyrocketed, due to lack of exercise and unhealthyRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An Epidemic With The United States Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesReducing Childhood Obesity †¢ Introduction o Childhood obesity has become an epidemic with the United States o The Healthy People 2020 Topic †¢ Reduce the proportion of children and adolescents who are considered obese (Healthy People 2020, 2016). o Definition of Childhood Obesity: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015), a child with a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 85th percentile and below the 95th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex are consideredRead MoreChildhood Obesity : The United States For Children1263 Words   |  6 PagesAshley Phillips English 100-17 Ms. Taylor 25 November 2014 Childhood Obesity Obesity in school-age children is a problem in North Carolina. â€Å"North Carolina is the 23rd most obese state in the United States for children www.eatsmartmovemorenc.com/Data/Texts/Quick%20Facts.pdf – 31.4% of youth in North Carolina are overweight or obese† https://www.healthiergeneration.org/...childhood_obesity/.../north_caroli... (Child Obesity Rate). There is a mandated physical education requirement for school-ageRead MoreEssay on Childhood Obesity in the United States2861 Words   |  12 PagesReview Description of Obesity Problem Childhood obesity is an increasing problem here in the United States. According to Schuab and Marian (2011) â€Å"Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions† (P.553). The prevalence of child obesity and overweight has increased over the last 30 years all over the United States, becoming one of the biggest public health challenges (Moreno, Johnson-Shelton, Boles, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to give a background of the obesity epidemic, a review ofRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On The United States Today1479 Words   |  6 Pagespediatric obesity now represents one of the most pressing nutritional problems facing children in the United States today. International population studies report comparable rates of increase, so that if current trends remain unchecked, childhood obesity is likely to challenge worldwide public health. Substantial consequences to physical and mental health, both short and long term, must be anticipated. Unfortunately, there is no uniform definition of childhood obesity. Childhood obesity has been

Oral Culture Of The Late Middle Ages - 1468 Words

Given the prevalence of books, magazines, and newspapers in everyday life today, it is difficult to imagine a world without print. The transition from the essentially oral culture of the late Middle Ages to the print culture of the Renaissance fundamentally changed human interaction. In Western society, the invention of the printing press and subsequent widespread literacy signaled the shift away from a primarily oral culture to a literate, print culture. Many scholars, including Plato and Harold Innis, have suggested that the advantages of an oral culture exceed those of a print culture. Even further, the past few decades have seen calls to orality, or propositions that we must return to oral culture to balance print culture. As seen through a lens of the history of print culture, the benefits of literacy and a predominantly print culture outweigh the benefits of an oral culture because of the impact print has had on standardized language and national consciousness, the field of sci ence and accuracy, and the quick dissemination of information and dialogue. Through a comparison of advancements during the Print Revolution and current features of modern society, I will argue that there is no need to re-embrace orality because elements of oral culture already exist in our modern print culture. The Print Revolution was marked by the invention of the printing press and growing industrial capitalism in Europe. The idea of capitalism enabled publishers to seek mass markets forShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Human Development1196 Words   |  5 Pageshuman grow process that start with the reproduction, the process of the human body, the brain and internal organs that are developing during the pregnancy, birth, early, middle, and late childhood, adolescence, early, middle, and late adulthood until the end of life. Additionally, the environments where individuals grow, culture, socio economics status also influence the person’s personalities (Santrock, 2015). Biopsychosocial is one of the most challenging formulations that clinicians needs toRead MoreThe Word Of History By Frederick Dielman1569 Words   |  7 Pageshistory, historical narrative, recorded knowledge of past events, story, narrative . History was borrowed from Latin (possibly via Old Irish or Old Welsh) into Old English as stà ¦r ( history, narrative, story ), but this word fell out of use in the late Old English period.[14] Meanwhile, as Latin became Old French (and Anglo-Norman), historia developed into forms such as istorie, estoire, and historie, with new developments in the meaning: account of the events of a person s life (beginning ofRead MoreUnderstanding and Developing Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagestime one is born, the infant begins to constantly change throughout his or her’s life. Human development occurs at different stages, throughout the life span. A child will experience many milestones from birth to toddlerhood, throughout early and middle childhood, and several theories for these milestones. Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, and Erik Erikson classify their different theories of the stages of life in three unique domains: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial/emotional. Infancy/ToddlerhoodRead MoreLifespan Development945 Words   |  4 Pages * Finer differences * Ethnicity * Race * Socioeconomic Race * Gender * Korosol increase stress * Cohort- group of people born at around the same time in the same place * Age graded influences- similar at particular age group * Sociocultural graded influences- social and cultural factors present at a particular time. * Modafin * Critical period- environmental stimuli are necessary for dev. * Sensitive Period- Certain kind ofRead MoreDevelopment Theories1579 Words   |  7 Pagesit is either because you are hungry, dirty, sleepy or even just need to be comforted. So there for you cry because you want your caregiver to feed you, clean you, or even snuggle with you so you can fall asleep. The ego state comes around the age of two or three when as Freud states, â€Å"the job of the ego to satisfy the demands of the id and to have realistic plans for obtaining what the id wants. Also according to simply psychology, â€Å"Initially the ego is â€Å"that part of the id which has been modifiedRead MoreThe American Heritage Dictionary Of The English Language1591 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I thought of deaf culture, I wanted to first see if I could find any definitions so that I could get a general idea as to what it meant before I started doing all my research on it. So I started with the word culture first. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (online version) states: 1. a. The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. b. These patterns, traits,Read MoreWomen in the 20th Century1684 Words   |  7 Pageswomen that were trying to conform to the image of homemaker were causing women a great deal of pain. The problem lay unspoken for years in the minds of American women. It was a feeling of dissatisfaction, a yearning that most women suffered in the middle of the 20th century in the United States, and the American women thought they were struggling alone. For years the millions of words written about women, for women, in all the columns, books, and articles by experts telling women their role was toRead MoreThe Arabian Nights; Its Influence on Western Society1422 Words   |  6 Pagessaid that The Arabian Nights is a collection of stories from whole lot different countries. It was stated that originally the stories came from India and Persia, however then the story was translated into Arabic language. Ever since then, Arab’s culture and their own stories were added to make stories in the N ights become an enjoyable, beneficial and culturally based folktales. The Nights is a large frame containing many other interesting stories in it. The character, Shaherezad is the narratorRead MoreThe American Psychological Association : The Biological, Psychological And Social Approaches2408 Words   |  10 Pageshuman grow process that start with the reproduction of cells, the development of the body, brain and internal organs that are developing during the pregnancy, birth, early, middle, and late childhood, adolescence, early, middle, and late adulthood until the end of life. Additionally, the environments where individuals grow, culture, socio economics status also influence the person’s personalities (Santrock, 2015). Biopsychosocial is one of the most challenging formulations that clinicians needs toRead MoreDomesticity in 19th Century White Middle Class America Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesDomesticity in 19th Century White Middle Class America The nineteenth century marked a turning point for women in the United States. As men took work outside of the home women were left to cultivate a place that could serve as a haven from the harsh outside world. This change created a domestic sphere ru d by women; it paramounted from simple household organization to matters involving moral and religious responsibility, health, education, and social duty. Women found power in their new

Plurilateral Approach To Mutual Recognition -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Plurilateral Approach To Mutual Recognition? Answer: Introduction The decision of the exit of UK from the European Union has been termed the Brexit or British exit. This decision was taken by UK in the year 2016 with the help of the referendum that was issued on June 23, 2016. The vote that had taken place for the decision of UK to leave the European Union had defied the expectations of the global markets and the value of British pound had fallen to the lowest level. The Prime Minister of UK, David Cameroon resigned from the post in the following month as he was against the decision that was taken by the votes. Cameroon was then succeeded by Theresa May as Prime Minister of UK and the leader of the Conservative party (Baatz2015). The process of Brexit can be divided into two parts which are hard Brexit and soft Brexit. Hard Brexit can be defined as the withdrawal of UK from the European Union where Britain will not participate in the single market of EU and the legal rules related to that market as well. The full control of the immigration system of UK will be in the hands of British government. The rules related to immigration will also become much strict than before. The hard Brexit option would be related to the compliance of UK with the rules of the World Trade Organization or WTO to carry out the trade with Europe. Soft Brexit can be interpreted as the arrangements that can be made when UK will leave the European Union that are related to trade between the countries (Bergin et al. 2017). The softer solution is related to the strategic partnership agreement with the other countries in the European Union. The analysis that will be performed in the report will be based on the AEO scheme related to the Brexit effect in UK. The AEO scheme or Authorised Economic Operator is related to the trade related schemes of the countries that are part of European Union (Busch and Matthes2016). Definition of AEO scheme Authorised Economic Operator or AEO can be defined as the parties who are involved in the movement of international goods which are approved by the national administration while they comply with the WCO or World Customs Organization about the rules related to the security of the supply chain of the organization. Authorised Economic Operators include, importers, manufacturers, brokers, exporters, intermediaries, consolidators, airports, integrated operators, terminal operators, distributors and warehouses (Chang and Wu 2015). The threats related to the security of goods have increased with the increase in global trade and international movement related to the goods. This issue has shifted the focus of the administrators of the customs departments towards providing the security related to the flow of international trade from the major focus of collecting duties. AEO is considered to be one of the major parts related of the SAFE Framework that was introduced by WCO. The core elements of the SAFE Framework are, Harmonization of advance information related to the electronic cargo. The countries which join the SAFE Framework are committed towards the employment of risk management programs that are consistent in nature and are able to address the different threats related to security (Chang-Bong et al. 2016). The customs administration of the sending nation also needs to perform high security checks of risky cargo and containers on the request of the receiving nation. The benefits that will be provided to the businesses by the Customs who comply to the minimal security requirements related to supply chain and follow the best practices as well (Dhingra et al. 2016). The concept related to AEO is found in the Customs-to-business partnerships where the operators of the business are accredited as AEOs by the Customs if they are able to prove the high quality of the internal processes. The businesses cab prove the quality of the internal processes related to supply chain in the following ways, Ensuring the integrity of information related to the things that are present in the containers. Ensuring integrity of the employees, so that they do not put any wrong items in the containers. Securing the access to the premises of the business so that they can prevent unauthorised access (Geerlings, Kuipers and Zuidwijk2017). The European Union had established the AEO concept which was based on standard that are recognised internationally and they also created a legal base for this concept in the year 2008 with the help of security amendments to Community Customs Code or CCC and the provisions related to its implementation. The programme mainly aims towards enhancing the international security of supply chain and thereby to facilitate trade that is legitimate and is also open to the supply chain actors. The AEO status is given by the European Union to those organizations which are established in customs territory related to the Union and is part of the international supply chain (Grainger 2016). The benefits of the AEO Status The benefits that are offered by the AEO are the major part of EU legislation that govern the status of AEO. The different benefits provided by AEO are, The major benefit that is enjoyed by the organizations with AEO certification is the high level of facilitation. The delivery of the containers related to import or export are made directly to the ports. The authorized personnel are provided ID cards so that they can get problem free entry to the various customs houses and departments (Hughes 2017). The organizations receive separate space that are available in the premises of the custodian. The companies with AEO certification receive reduction in the bank guarantee. The investigations related to any type of trade that is done the companies are completed within six or nine months. The organizations also receive notifications through emails related to the arrival as well as departure of vessel that are carrying their consignments. Clearances are received all through the day and night if requested by the organizations at all the ports related to sea and airports (Kasperbauer2017). The scrutiny conducted by the officers related to Custom and the verification of the seal are also waived for the organizations with AEO certification. The duty payments that are to be made by the organizations are also deferred. The various documents of the organizations that are related to import or export are processed on a priority basis. The completion of Special Valuation branch is done quite fast for the accredited organizations as compared to the normal ones. The release time of the cargo of the certified organization is less as compared to the others. The facility is provided to the organizations so that they can paste the MRP stickers (Kee and Nicita2017). The access related to the consolidated data of export and import is given to the accredited organizations. The discussions that are made with the organizations are paperless in nature without any supporting documents. The fees related to overtime of the merchant is also waivered for the accredited organizations. These major benefits are provided to the organizations which have a AEO status. The European Union has also established the AEO status which are related to the countries and the business organizations of those countries which are part of EU (Lu and Koufteros2014). Case study examples related to the benefits of AEO status The first case study is titled as The perceived impacts of AEO security certifications on supply chain efficiency a survey study using structural equation modelling. The impact of AEO status of the organizations on the supply chain activities is the main topic of discussion in the case study. The criminal activities related to the supply chain which include counterfeiting of the cargo, theft related to the cargo are the major vulnerabilities of supply chain. The parliament of Europe has also reported theft related to cargo and lorries in Europe which amounted to a value of 8.2 billion Euros (Urciuoli and Ekwall2015). The Federal Bureau of Investigation of USA has also reported theft of cargo within the range of 10 billion dollars and 30 billion dollars. Other reports related to this issue have shown that the pirated and counterfeited items in Europe have amounted to 176 billion dollars in the year 2007. According to researches that were done in the year 2006 have shown that more tha n 3 million of the total pharmaceutical products were counterfeited (MacDonald 2016). As discussed by, Urciuoli and Ekwall (2015), the supply chain operators of Europe who are interested in mitigating and preventing the consequences that can occur due to the breach in security have the choice of joining voluntary programs of certifications, certification of the businesses and the certifications of the authority that are issued by the governments. The supply chain managers have to face new challenges that are related decisions that are made related to the choice of certifications and also to evaluate the impact that the certifications can have on the supply chain of the organizations. The research related to the organizations have many diverse opinions related to this issue. The researchers sometimes claim that the costs related to certification are sometimes an extra burden for the organizations. The loss of efficiency is related to the loss of competitive advantage that the organization holds in the market (Masouros and Papadopoulos 2016). The main purpose of the case study is to boost the understanding related to the impacts that AEO certification has on the efficiency of the supply chain of an organization. This research is mainly conducted to analyse whether the AEO certification is able to provide companies which comply with rules of the certification with benefits that are beyond the improvement of security (McGrattan and Waddle 2017). The AEO programme is comprised of a wide range of programmes related to trans-border security which are available to the managers so that they can secure the supply chain. The AEO certification is not mandatory for the organizations. however, they voluntarily apply for this. The AEO concept is a major part of the SAFE Framework which is related to the standards that are designed by World Customs Organization (WCO) which help in the dissemination the requirements of security. The legal requirements of the AEO programme are explained in the European Council Regulation. The AEO certifications are evaluated with the help of the Customs authority. The certificates of AEO are provided based on criterion that can benefit the organizations. The certifications related to AEO are available in many different forms including, AEO-C, AEO-S, AEO-F (Mendez-Parra, teVelde and Winters 2016). The real impact of the AEO certifications on the efficiency and security of the organizations are questioned by many researchers. The implementation of the AEO guidelines are not performed in an efficient manner as it is the complete responsibility of the organizations without any detailing done by the AEO certification body. The security of the organizations can be hampered in the process and the company can incur monetary or non-monetary loss. The impact of AEO certifications can also be analysed from the efficiency point of view. The major importance lies in the mutual recognition and this requires data sharing from government-to-business viewpoint. Mutual recognition is important for the organizations, which operate on an international basis. The certification of AEO gives the international organizations a quality mark that is recognized internationally and they do not need to follow multiple certifications (Thompson 2016). Complying with the requirements of the AEO certification intensifies the way by which communication and data sharing is performed between the international companies. This could further result into an extra burden for the administration of the organization. The improvement of security related to the organization can further increase the efficiency of the organizational processes. The relation between the efficiency and security has been discussed in the case study that is taken into consideration. The analysis in the case study has revealed that the AEO certification is used by the organizations to facilitate the trade related operations rather than enhancing the security of the operations. The European organizations have therefore been affected by the rules and regulations that are set for the countri es that are members of EU. Brexit will further impact the laws of AEO related to the United Kingdom (Urciuoli and Ekwall2015). The second study has been titled as The adoption of Authorised Economic Operator standards in the UK. United Kingdom is considered to be one of the largest traders in terms of goods in Europe. The International trade with the member countries of the European Union and the non-member countries have been an important part of the European economy. This has contributed hugely in the competitiveness of the country, levels of the employment and the living standards of the citizens of the country (Gond 2016). The EU AEO Programme had been launched in the year 2008, which encompassed the import as well as the export related activities in the supply chain of the organizations. The members of the European Union are legally bound to implement the AEO certification in the organizations and volunteer the other organizations as well. The customs of the Member states of European Union needs to build public and private partnerships and promoting the certification provided by AEO to organizations, which can fulfil the requirements in the supply chain. The offer that is given by this certification is favourable for both the parties, as on one side the operators of the companies can enjoy simplified and faster procedures related to the customs, on the other hand, the customs officers also need to do few checks (Wadsworth et al. 2016). The required resources can be allocated to the areas, which are high-risk zones. The numbers of organizations, which are certified organization under the AEO, are growi ng from the year 2008 to 2010. The case study mainly discusses the role that is played by the government of UK in increasing the number of AEO certifications. The dynamics related to the standardisation of the organization are related to three major perspectives, which are, standardisation by organisation, standardisation of organisation and standardisation as organisation. The AEO Programme related to European Union comprises of multi-level thematic standards. The principles and values that are related to the AEO are formulated from WCO on an international basis to the European Union. The various aspects of the AEO certification intertwine many different domains like, competition, economy and compatibility with legal texts, data protection of WTO (Ziv et al. 2018). According to, Gond (2016), the two major aspects of the case study related to AEO are major AEO drivers of the business organizations in the private sector and thereby exploring the relation between the benefits of AEO and the business performance of the companies certified by AEO. The other aspect of the case study is the standardisation and the governments that are under AEO context which focus on the government-to-business relationships, mutual recognition and the IT related solutions that act as the enablers so that the performance of the customs administration can be improved. The competitiveness is the major advantage that is desired from the European Union single market. The single market for trade can be achieved only with the collaboration of the individual governments of the states and the EU standardisation as well (Gond 2016). The AEO certification has been of major help for trade related to the different countries who are the members of the European Union. Implications of Hard Brexit The major implications of Hard Brexit: will be faced by the United Kingdom in the year 2019 without the Free Trade Agreement. The scenario that has been developed between European Union and the UK will relate to the mutual membership in the WTO. United Kigdom is quite less dependent on the intra-regional trade as compared to the other members of the European Union. This less dependency is related to the central position of the country in Europe and the high involvement of UK in the business related to the rest of the world. The exposure of United Kingdom to the trade that occurs within EU is quite significant. In the year 2015, 46% of the total British exports go to the EU and around 55% of the imports from United Kingdom come from the EU. Therefore, Hard Brexit can have huge impact on the trade between the organizations of the Member states of EU. Conclusion The report can be concluded by stating that the Brexit situation has a huge impact on the trade between the member countries of the European Union. The AEO certification helps in the increase of the security and efficiency of the supply chain of the organizations to a certain extent. The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from EU can further affect the AEO rules and regulations that are set by the body. The foreign trade is affected by the vulnerability in the situation that is created due to the Brexit effect. The amount of AEO certified organization varies largely between the member states itself. This number is the lowest in case of the United Kingdom. The transition from zero fees to the WTO-bound fees can have huge impact on the foreign trade of UK.The two case studies have shown different implications of Brexit on the UK and the supply chain of the organizations as well. The over strict nature of the security management programs can cause a loss in the flexibility and reliability of the transport chains. This further affects the capability of the organization to react instantly to the volatility in the market. References Baatz, B., 2015. Everyone Benefits: Practices and Recommendations for Utility System Benefits of Energy Efficiency. Bergin, A., Garcia-Rodriguez, A., Morgenroth, E.L. and Smith, D., 2017. Modelling the Medium-to Long-Term Potential Macroeconomic Impact of Brexit on Ireland.The Economic and Social Review,48(3, Autumn), pp.305-316. Busch, B. and Matthes, J., 2016.Brexit-the economic impact: A meta-analysis(No. 10/2016). IW-Report. Chang, H.L. and Wu, J.G., 2015. Exploring company ability to meet supply chain security validation criteria.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,45(7), pp.691-710. Chang-Bong, K., Chang-Bong, K., Chun, H.U., Chun, H.U., Kwon, S.H. and Kwon, S.H., 2016. Impact of application factors of the AEO program on its performance.Journal of Korea Trade,20(4), pp.332-348. Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G., Sampson, T. and Van Reenen, J., 2016. The impact of Brexit on foreign investment in the UK.BREXIT 2016, p.24. Geerlings, H., Kuipers, B. and Zuidwijk, R. eds., 2017.Ports and Networks: Strategies, Operations and Perspectives. Routledge. Grainger, A., 2016. Customs management in multinational companies.World Customs Journal,10(2), pp.17-35. Gond, J.P., 2016.The adoption of Authorised Economic Operator standards in the UK: An intrinsic qualitative case study(Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Management Cass Business School, City University London). Hughes, M., 2017. How the Authorised Economic Operator-status affects a companys logistics operations. Kasperbauer, T.J., 2017. The permissibility of nudging for sustainable energy consumption.Energy Policy,111, pp.52-57. Kee, H.L. and Nicita, A., 2017. Short-term impact of Brexit on the United Kingdom's export of goods. Lu, G. and Koufteros, X.A., 2014. Adopting security practices for transport logistics: institutional effects and performance drivers.International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics,6(6), pp.611-631. MacDonald, S., 2016. The impact of Brexit on the UKs reputation, influence and soft power.Cultural Trends,25(4), pp.280-286. Mai, T., Barrows, C., Lopez, A., Hale, E., Dyson, M. and Eurek, K., 2015.Implications of model structure and detail for utility planning: scenario case studies using the resource planning model(No. NREL/TP-6A20-63972). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Masouros, P. and Papadopoulos, T., 2016. The Impact of Brexit on UK Company Law.European Company Law,13(6), pp.208-209. McGrattan, E.R. and Waddle, A., 2017.The Impact of Brexit on Foreign Investment and Production(No. w23217). National Bureau of Economic Research. Mendez-Parra, M., teVelde, D.W. and Winters, L.A., 2016. The impact of the UK's post-Brexit trade policy on development. Thompson, A.L., 2016. Preparing for the Energy Future by Creating It: What State Public Utility Commissions Can Do to Promote Sustainable Energy Policies.Geo. Wash. J. Energy Envtl. L.,7, p.215. Urciuoli, L. and Ekwall, D., 2015. The perceived impacts of AEO security certifications on supply chain efficiencya survey study using structural equation modelling.International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics,7(1), pp.1-20. Wadsworth, J., Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G. and Van Reenen, J., 2016. Brexit and the Impact of Immigration on the UK.Centre for Economic Performance. LSE, pp.34-53. Woddowson, D., 2014. AEO: a plurilateral approach to mutual recognition.Journal of Contemporary Economic and Business Issues,1(2), pp.67-77. Ziv, G., Watson, E., Young, D., Howard, D.C., Larcom, S.T. and Tanentzap, A.J., 2018. The potential impact of Brexit on the energy, water and food nexus in the UK: A fuzzy cognitive mapping approach.Applied Energy,210, pp.487-498.

The Organisational Organ Known As The Team Is Becoming More And More A

The organisational organ known as the team is becoming more and more apparent in today's dynamic business world. Increasingly managers are searching for a means to improve production and keep their organisation competitive in the global market. A lot of these managers have turned to the team as a means for achieving this improvement. Quality circles were looked at to fulfil this role. However, this form of team is being phased out and may have posed as incubator for the current trend; self - managed work teams (Klein, 1995). These teams are increasingly being looked at today to solve many an organisation's production problems and inefficiencies, and in the process are both badly failing and greatly succeeding. Therefore, the discussion of teams is a very important contemporary management issue to address. Managers should be aware of such a concept and learn about it so as a means to further their organisation and for when the time comes to implement a team they are armed with enough knowledge to implement the team properly. As with many management trends or processes, they are often labeled, producing a huge list of buzzwords, like total quality management, just in time management, management by objectives, downsizing, rightsizing, etc. The organisational team also pulls a long chain of buzzwords; workgroup, work team, project team, project group, task force, committees and so on and so on. What these terms basically refer to is a collection of two or more individuals who interact with each other, share common beliefs, and perceive themselves as being in a group. (Vecchio, Hearn, Southey, 1996:846). This is a very basic interpretation of a team and which can be expanded upon. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company defines a team more specifically as a group of people with specific roles and responsibilities, organised to work together toward common goals or objectives, in which each member depends on others to carry out responsibilities to reach those goals and objectives. (1986, cited in Denton, 1992:87). The implementation and operation of a team can either be a great success or a costly failure, both money wise and time wise. Many companies have benefited from teams, as Dumaine (1994) points out, when teams work, there's nothing like them for turbocharging productivity. There are many examples of successful implementation of teams. To name a few, Federal Express and IDS boosted productivity by 40% and Boeing cut its engineering hang-ups on its new 777 passenger jet by more than half. (Dumaine, 1994). The Ford Motor Company in the United States also had great success with teams when producing the new Mustang prototype. Ford produced the Mustang from design concept to the finished product under budget and in record time. (Klein, 1995). However, many companies and managers are put off by the very mention of the word team. As McGarvey (1996) suggests, are teams just another management fad or are they for real? He also points out that ... many businesses have had bad experiences with teams that flopped. (McGarvey, 1996:80). As is also pointed out by Magee (1997:26) ... ill - functioning teams can cause disastrous effects on the individuals involved, the organisation's service delivery and customer service reputation, and the mood of the entire organisation. So, there is little wonder why many organisations and mangers are disillusioned by teams and apprehensive to implement them. Evidence of this apprehension could be interpreted from a study conducted by the Centre for Effective Organisations at the University of Southern California. The Centre conducted a survey of Fortune 1000 companies and found that 68% of those companies used self - managed work teams. However, on the flip - side, only 10% of total workers are i n such teams. (Dumaine, 1994). Not a large percentage of the total workers. These results may suggest that most companies are still learning and piloting work teams and are not ready to throw themselves into committing large chunks of their workforce to work teams. As organisations and managers hear the success stories of Federal Express, IDS and the Ford Motor Company, they also want in on the action and want the benefits of successful team implementation as well. However, they obviously want to steer clear of the possible problems and costs that unsuccessful team

Chap 3 Fred R David Essay Example

Chap 3 Fred R David Essay Example Chap 3 Fred R David Essay Chap 3 Fred R David Essay THE EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT Summary| The External Assessment or External Audit is a very essential part of the Strategic Management Process. Due to the turbulent situation around the globe, it is very much necessary for organizations to conduct an effective and efficient External Audit. The purpose of external audit is to develop a list of possible opportunities and threats that an organization can face in its outer/external environment. Identifying and evaluating external opportunities and threats enables organizations to develop a clear mission, to design strategies to achieve long term objectives, and to develop policies to achieve annual objectives. The process of performing an external audit should include as many managers and employees as possible. This creates understanding and commitment from organizational members. There are a few external forces that an organization should take into account while making strategies. These forces can be divided into five categories: * Economic Forces: Economic factors have a direct impact on the potential attractiveness of various strategies. For example, as interest rates rise, funds needed for capital expansion becomes costly or unavailable. In such cases, the organization’s strategies should be amended in such a way to get hold of any such Economic change that can overall affect the working of an organization. Some other key economic factors are Inflation rates, GDP trend, Stock market trends, Currency valuation, Monetary policies, Fiscal policies, Tax rates, Government Budget Deficits, and Price fluctuations etc. State Corruption can also lead to economic downfall and can act as a potential threat to organizations. For instance, in Russia, political bureaucracy demoralizes economic progress and entrepreneurship. Russian businesspersons who do not favour local government are targeted with extensive taxes, tariffs, fines, and intrusive inspections. So far, Russia is not considered the suitable place for business due to political corruption. * Social, Cultural, Demographic, and Environmental Forces: Social, Cultural, Demographic, and Environmental changes are directly related to almost all products, services, markets, and customers. Every organization is challenged by the opportunities and threats arising from these changes. Changes in social, cultural, demographic, and environmental aspects of any country shapes the way they live, work, produce, and consume. New trends are creating new kinds of consumers and similarly new type of products and services are required. For example; people in US are now increasing with households having people living alone or unrelated people are living together. Similarly, people are moving towards fast growing states in order to gain more in terms of money. This type of information can be essential for successful strategy formulation, including where to locate new plants and distribution centres and where to focus marketing efforts. * Political, Governmental, and Legal Forces: In every country, there are organizations that rely on government contracts or subsidies. For such organizations, political forecast can be most important part of an external audit. For example, changes in taxation policy, patent laws, or lobbying activities can badly affect any organization. In such cases, companies may have to alter or abandon strategies due to political or government actions. Therefore, companies should examine the potential threats that can come through these sources, and should utilize the opportunities in the best possible ways to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently. Some of the political, governmental, and legal variables which an organization should take into consideration while doing external audit are changes in tax laws, changes in patent laws, number of patents, number of protests against government, level of defense expenditure, fiscal and monetary policies, lobbying activities, and national elections etc. Technological Forces: Technological Forces are creating great impact on organizations. The internet is acting as a national and global economic engine that is increasing productivity, and is helping in saving billions of dollars in distribution and transaction cost from direct sales to self service systems. In today’s world, organizations need to be technology advanced in order to work together with other organizat ions in the market. To effectively capitalize on Information Technology, organizations now hire Chief Information Officer (CIO) and Chief Technology Officer (CTO). They work together to ensure that information needed to formulate, implement, and evaluate strategies is available where and when required. * Competitive Forces: It is the most important part of the external evaluation of an organization. It refers to the identification of rival firms and determining their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. It is vital in the Strategic Management process because by evaluating the SWOT of a competitor, a particular organization would be able to formulate strategies that are better than the competitor. Such evaluation can provide the organization with competitive advantage, if properly analyzed. For example, Italian car maker Fiat had troubles with its finances; suddenly Ford Motor increased its marketing in Italy to increase its market share in Italy. Organizations should opt the Competitive Intelligence programs; a systematic and ethical process for gathering and analyzing information about the competition. Competitive information is equally applicable for strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation decisions. In today’s competitive world, competitors are even working in cooperation with each other. Firms are moving to compete as groups within alliances more and more as it becomes increasingly difficult to survive alone in some industries. For example, Air Canada, Mexicana, Spanair, and United work under Star Alliance along with 12 other Air Companies. The Industrial organization (I/O) approach to competitive advantage advocates that external factors are more important than internal factors in a firm achieving competitive advantage. So, it is essential for an organization to conduct a proper external assessment in order to achieve its targets and competitive edge over its competitors. The intensity of competition among firms varies widely across industries. According to Michael Porter, the nature of competitiveness in a given industry can be viewed as a composite of five forces: 1. Rivalry among Competing Firms: The intensity of rivalry among competing firms increase by the increase in competitors and consumers can easily shift from one organization to another. 2. Potential Entry of New Competitors: The degree of competitiveness increases with the inception of new firms in a particular industry. Numerous barriers exist in every industry for the entrance of new organizations, but still there are firms that enter industries with higher quality products, and lower prices. Such organizations can be a threat for already existing organizations in that particular industry. 3. Potential Development of Substitute Products: Competitive pressure increases with the decline in prices of substitute products that can be used in place of other. For example, people in Pakistan are now using more Compressed Natural Gas as compared to Petroleum due to prices differences. Apart from prices, quality betterment can also be factor which can be a potential threat for any company from its competitors. 4. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Suppliers play a vital role for any organization to gain competitive edge. It is in the best interest of both suppliers and producers to assist each other with reasonable prices and high quality raw material. Relationship between a supplier and a producer should be long lasting in order to maintain same quality and pricing for a longer period of time. 5. Bargaining Power of Consumers: Many organizations provide warranties or special customer services in order to gain customer loyalty. Organizations should negotiate with customers over their choice of pricing or warranty packages in order to attain a good relationship level between themselves and its customers. External competitive information can be obtained through various published or unpublished sources. Unpublished sources include customer surveys, market research, and TV programs etc. Whereas, published sources include periodicals, journals, reports, government documents, newspapers, manuals, and competitor itself. Today the world is considered as a Global village, and every country is welcoming more and more foreign investment. A global strategy seeks to meet the needs of customers worldwide with the highest value at lower cost. Organizations should scan relevant information from various sources regarding potential opportunities and threats before entering into a particular international market. Strategies should be made according to the business scenario in the country where an organization wants to enter. Any organization needs proper assumptions and forecasted future for making proper strategies to achieve its annual goals. No forecast is perfect, and even some forecasts are even wildly inaccurate. But, it is essential for an organization to identify future occurrences that could have a major effect on the firm. Forecasting can be quantitative or qualitative. Qualitative, when historical data is inappropriate or in accessible. Quantitative, when past data is available, uch as Method of Linear Regression. Overall Industry Analysis can be done by two methods: 1. THE EXTERNAL FACTOR EVALUATION (EFE) MATRIX: It allows strategists to evaluate economic, social, cultural, demographic, environmental, political, governmental, legal, technological, and competitive information. It involves five steps: * List key external factors identified in external audit process. * Assign weight to each factor that ranges 0. 0 to 1. 0; 1. 0 being very important. * Assign rating between 1 to 4; 4 being superior. * Multiply each factor’s weight by its rating to determine a weighted score. Sum the weighted scores for each variable to determine the total weighted score of the organization. The total weight that any organization can achieve is 4. 0. An organization having 4. 0 weighted score means its strategies are working exactly as required in order to achieve organizational goals. 2. THE COMPETITIVE PROFILE MATRIX: It identifies a firm’s major competitors and its particular strengths and weaknesses in relation to a sample firm’s strategic position. The way to calculate is same as of EFE matrix with a slight difference that ratings refer to the level of strength and weakness i. . rating 4 means major strength. It is of great importance for every firm to analyze its external environment and prepare strategies that can help in achieving strategic goals of a n organization. Moreover, managers and employees should take part in such assessment as much as possible. Firms that do not mobilize and empower their managers and employees to identify, monitor, forecast, and evaluate key external factors may fail to anticipate emerging opportunities and threats and, consequently, may pursue ineffective strategies, miss opportunities, and invite organizational demise.

Definition of Dime Novel

Definition of Dime Novel A dime novel was a cheap and generally sensational tale of adventure sold as popular entertainment in the 1800s. Dime novels can be considered the paperback books of their day, and they often featured tales of mountain men, explorers, soldiers, detectives, or Indian fighters. Despite their name, the dime novels generally cost less than ten cents, with many actually selling for a nickel. The most popular publisher was the firm of Beadle and Adams of New York City. The heyday of the dime novel was from the 1860s to the 1890s, when their popularity was eclipsed by pulp magazines featuring similar tales of adventure. Critics of dime novels often denounced them as immoral, perhaps because of violent content. But the books themselves actually tended to reinforce conventional values of the time such as patriotism, bravery, self-reliance, and American nationalism. Origin of the Dime Novel Cheap literature had been produced in the early 1800s, but the creator of the dime novel is generally accepted to be Erastus Beadle, a printer who had published magazines in Buffalo, New York. Beadles brother Irwin had been selling sheet music, and he and Erastus tried selling books of songs for ten cents. The music books became popular, and they sense there was a market for other cheap books. In 1860 the Beadle brothers, who had set up shop in New York City, published a novel, Malaeska, The Indian Wife of White Hunters, by a popular writer for womens magazines, Ann Stephens. The book sold well, and the Beadles began to steadily publish novels by other authors. The Beadles added a partner, Robert Adams, and the publishing firm of Beadle and Adams became known as the foremost publisher of dime novels. Dime novels were not originally intended to present a new type of writing. At the outset, the innovation was simply in the method and distribution of the books. The books were printed with paper covers, which were cheaper to produce than traditional leather bindings. And as the books were lighter, they could easily be sent through the mails, which opened up great opportunity for mail-order sales. Its not a coincidence that dime novels became suddenly popular in the early 1860s, during the years of the Civil War. The books were easily to stow in a soldiers knapsack, and would have been very popular reading material in the camps of Union soldiers. The Style of the Dime Novel Over time the dime novel began to take on a distinct style. Tales of adventure often dominated, and dime novels might feature, as their central characters, folk heroes such as Daniel Boone and Kit Carson. The writer Ned Buntline popularized the exploits of Buffalo Bill Cody in an extremely popular series of dime novels. While dime novels were often condemned, they actually tended to present tales which were moralistic. The bad guys tended to be captured and punished, and the good guys exhibited commendable traits, such as bravery, chivalry, and patriotism. Though the peak of the dime novel is generally considered to be in the late 1800s, some versions of the genre existed into the early decades of the 20th century. The dime novel was eventually replaced as cheap entertainment and by new forms of storytelling, especially the radio, movies, and eventually television.

Article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Review - Article Example This lack of concern for the management always ends having cost effects on the company’s transport system, zoning, and environment and family lives of their employees. For instance the company hence has to compete with other companies for workers. Housing cost hence affects many businesses in various ways. The article also explores the housing options benefits that Tyson Foods, Inc. as a company are planning to offer in homeownership initiative. In addition, there is mentioning of the partnering of Tyson Foods, Inc. with Freddie Mac to provide financial assistance to specifically income-eligible workers. Most notably is the reference on various similar successful homeownership initiatives by other companies such as Cisco Systems, Mayo Clinic, Hewlett-Packard and Intel among others. Finally, the article substantiates the role companies should play in strengthening their workforce through proper homeownership initiatives. For in one way or another, all these companies have helpe d increase their workforce and communities through lasting housing solutions. The article substantiates the information provided by other reading concerning this subject of management’s role in provision better housing benefits to their workforce and the impacts it has on their operational cost. This article offers a significant contribution to various topic of urban planning giving detailed analysis of how housing costs affects many business bottom-line and society vitality more broadly. This is a concern for many urban planners, and hence the article helps in substantiating this subject. It adds to concerns of other studies including that done by Brown (2004). According to Brown (2004), by employers engaging in homeownership initiatives help retain loyal employees and cut on operational costs. Brown further added that such programs have been around for a while and have allowed employers expand operations, recruit new employees and be

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example The paper will also outline some of the factors that can compel the organizations to adopt an initiative to change their cultures. The main part of the paper will discuss the conditions that ought to be created by the management in order to support cultural change in their respective organizations. A summary of the main points discussed will be drawn at the end of the paper. â€Å"Organizations are able to operate efficiently only when shared values exist among the employees,† (Ivancevich, Konopake & Matteson (2011, p. 36)). Values are regarded as conscious desires or wants of people that guide their behaviour on and off the job. Values that are shape the culture of the organization help the individuals to behave in a consistent manner across different situations. Values are also related to the society’s ideas of what is wrong and right. It is widely believed that an employee’s behaviour and performance in an organisation are shaped by its culture (Patterson et a l, (1998). Schultz (2003) also concurs with this notion of culture when he states that the behaviour of employees in an organization is significantly impacted by its culture. Basically, organisational culture refers to a system of shared assumptions held by the employees in the organization and these assumptions distinguish one organization from the other (Werner, 2003). The culture of a given organization shapes the behaviour of the employees and it also helps them to identify with their company. As noted above, the culture of an organization is deeply entrenched in its operations such that it becomes difficult to easily change. Basically, â€Å"organizational culture is the philosophy spirit of organization; it is the foundation stone of organization development (Xiaojuan, n.d).† in certain circumstances, it may be necessary to change the culture of the organization especially if it has been threatened with negative aspects such as collapse of the company. Change refers to a transition from a current situation or the status quo to the desired future state (Amos et al, 2008). Change is usually necessitated by both internal and external forces. For instance, the evidence suggests that cultural change is most likely to take place when there has been a dramatic crisis that undermines the current status quo and calls into question the relevance of the current culture (Robbins, 1993). In certain instances, weak cultures are more amenable to change than strong ones given that there will be consensus among all people involved that certain changes ought to be implemented in the culture of the organization in order to turn around its fortunes. When the need to change the culture of the organization has arisen, there are certain measures that ought to be taken into account by the management in order to achieve change in the organization’s culture. â€Å"Look at the numbers and develop ways of improving the positive scores and addressing the negative ones ,† (Sinickas, 2006, 112). The critical success factor of using the strategy is to pick the important aspects that make the organization unique and try to implement them in the operations of the organization. It is imperative to have top management to act as positive role models. These people are influential in the organization such that they can set the tone through their behaviour. In most cases, managers who lead by example are likely to positively influence the behaviour of

Unemployment in Europe Essay Example for Free

Unemployment in Europe Essay Unemployment is the state of being jobless or else being without an occupation and you have looked for a job without success. You should also be willing and ready to work if given a chance. Lack of occupation is a severe problem not only in Europe but in all corners of the world. People who are unemployed are seen as a liability to the society. This is because people with no jobs or other sources of income are always seen as dependent on their colleagues employed with financial stability. The unemployed find it difficult to live up to their basic needs. Unemployment in Europe and measures put in place Technological change and expansion in international trade has sternly affected employment adversely. As technology advances more people are n being left unemployed while others who were formerly employed being laid off. This is due to the fact that modern technology aims at reducing the cost of manpower by availing machines that are more productive than a group of people. The unskilled personnel are replaced with more skilled employees in a bid to compete effectively in international trade. High levels of unemployment may result in social problem like crimes, prostitution among others. The unemployed will seek other sources of income as the disposable income they used to get before reduces or is completely not available. During the unemployment period the workers also lose their skills and have the fear of their jobs being taken up by people from foreign countries. The problem of unemployment is being curbed by putting in place policies and measure that protect employees. Such measures include extending employee benefits during recession to cover a longer time frame. It is also illegal in some countries to fire more than twenty employees without following some legal processes. The governments in Europe and USA help the unemployed through the social welfare program where they get benefits such as insurance and subsidies. Most of the people who lose jobs are either unskilled or low performing. Once they lose their jobs it is normally hard to get back their jobs as their positions are taken over by more skilled and much productive workers than them. Saudi Arabia is a prime market for foreign business and investors due to the following reasons. First of all it is an oil producing country with vast deposits of petroleum products among other natural resources and minerals. Saudi is well known for its effort in fighting stabilization of petroleum products. Foreign investors are attracted by the huge deposits of minerals which they go to exploit. Mineral exploitation has always been known to be a highly profitable business in which everyone is interested in. The oil products also provide a cheap and reliable source of energy and fuel for the industrial machinery. Saudi Arabia also has a sound economy with a fast growing young population. The population provides cheap labor for industries in the region they by lowering the labor costs for investors. The banking system is well managed and transparent. This gives the investors assurance that their money is in good custodian. It also provides incentives to investors especially targeting to put up new manufacturing zones in the area. Financial advices are also offered to ensure that investors’ funds are properly used and managed to avoid investing in unworthy businesses. Conclusion High levels of unemployment will always have adverse effects to the unemployed, general public, employer and even the government. The unemployed suffer psychologically while the society is faced with crimes and the government faces economic hard times as the unemployed depend on them. To conclude all stake holders should ensure that they minimize the number of people unemployed in the country.

Law and Ethics in Nursing :: Nursing Ethics Research Paper

In every nurse's career, he or she will face with legal and ethical dilemmas. One of the professional competencies for nursing states that nurses should "integrate knowledge of ethical and legal aspects of health care and professional values into nursing practice". It is important to know what types of dilemmas nurses may face during their careers and how they have been successfully dealt with in the past. It is also important for nurses to understand what malpractice is and how they may protect themselves from a malpractice lawsuit. LAW VS. ETHICS It is important to first understand the difference between law and ethics. Ethics examines the values and actions of people. Often times there is no one right course of action when one is faced with an ethical dilemma. On the other hand, laws are binding rules of conduct. When laws are broken, it is punishable by an authority figure. There are four types of situations that pertain to law vs. ethics. The first would be an action that is both legal and ethical. An example of this would be a nurse carrying out appropriate doctor's orders as ordered. A nurse may also be faced with an action that may be ethical but not legal, such as allowing a cancer patient to smoke marijuana for medicinal purposes. The opposite may arise where an action may be legal but not ethical. Finally, an action may be neither legal or ethical. For example, when a nurse makes a medication error and does not report it. ETHICAL DUTIES Nurses have many ethical duties to their clients. The main ethical duties are: nonmaleficence, beneficence, fidelity, veracity, and justice. The duty of nonmaleficence is the duty to do no harm. The nurse first needs to ask him or herself what harm is. When a nurse gives an injection she is causing the patient pain but she is also preventing additional harm such as disease development or prolonged pain. Therefore, the nurse must ask herself a second question about how much harm should be tolerated. The duty of beneficence is to do good. In a sense, it is at the opposite end of nonmaleficence or at the positive end of the nonmaleficence > beneficence continuum. The duty of fidelity means to be faithful, or to keep to your promises. Therefore, if a nurse tells his patient that he will

Medical Office Management Essay

Please use this template to answer the questions below in essay format. The minimum word count for the three questions of Part 1 is 300 words total (or 100 words per question). A reference citation is required. Your responses should follow the conventions of Standard American English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.). Your writing should be well ordered, logical and unified, as well as original and insightful. Your work should display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics. Use the APA style only for citations. More details can be found in the GEL 1.1 Universal Writing Rubric. PART I: MEDICAL RECORDS QUESTIONS The Medical Record Management System your office implements is only as good as the ease of retrieval of the data in the files. Organization and adherence to set routines will help to ensure that medical records are accessible when they are needed. Questions: 1. 1. Why are medical records important? (See Chapter 14, page 238–239 of your text for the reasons.) Medical information is the lifeblood of the healthcare delivery system. The medical record contains all of the medical information that describes all aspects of patient care and serves as a communication link among caregivers. Documentation in the medical record also serves to protect the legal interests of the patient, healthcare provider, and healthcare facility. Medical records are important to the financial well being of the facility as they substantiate reimbursement claims. Other uses of medical records include provision of data for medical research, education of health care providers, public health studies, and quality review. 2. 2. Discuss the pros and cons for the various filing methods? Be sure to include information regarding potential time involved, staffing, and spacing (See Chapter 14, pages 257–259 of your text). Clinical outcomes include  improvements in the quality of care, a reduction in medical errors, and other improvements in patient-level measures that describe the appropriateness of care. Organizational advantage, on the other hand, have included such items as as financial and operational performance, as well as satisfaction among patients and staff who use Electronic filing. Electronic filing also cuts down on the space needed tremendously, they no longer need a huge room to store all patients files. It is also faster to find, update, and send electronic files. Last but not least, societal outcomes include being better able to conduct research and achieving improved population health. Although it seems there could be nothing wrong with EMR, there are potential disadvantages associ ated with this technology. These include financial issues, changes in workflow, temporary loss of productivity associated with EHR adoption, privacy and security concerns, as well as access. 3. Discuss and explain the five basic filing steps. Include why each step (conditioning, releasing, indexing, etc.) is important. (See Chapter 14, pages 255–256 of your text). Medical records should be organized in an orderly fashion, and all of the information within the record should be legible to the average reader. The information within the medical record must be accurate and corrections should be made and documented correctly. The wording in medical records should be easily understood and grammatically correct. All of these steps are important to remember when maintaining a medical record for future reference, or even legal issues. Discuss and explain the five basic filing steps. (1) Conditioning, involves removing all pens, brads and paper clips. During this process you will also staple all related material together, and attach clippings or items smaller then page-size to a regular sheet of paper. This step is important because your starting to organize and layout the medical record. (2) Releasing, during this step a marking is placed on the papers indicating that they are ready to be filled. This step is important for other members in the medical f acility dealing with the filing process.

Case Analysis-Strategic It Transformation at Accenture

Case analysis-Strategic IT Transformation at Accenture Accenture was separated from its parent company and rebranded as a new organization. They face a challenge of building a new IT infrastructure to support their business. Because the new Accenture’s organization structure is different from the Anderson Consulting, the Anderson’s IT is deficient in several ways. Based on the deficient aspects I have some own recommendations and then I will analyse what Accenture did to deal with the situation. First of all, the Anderson’s IT system did not interconnect readily each other.I suggest that in Accenture, they can build up a standard rules, and all the offices should follow such rules and use the standard information system to communicate each other. As we learned before, standardization is very important for an organization. It’s a good way to improve the efficiency of internal communication. Also, a standard information system is easy to manage the relations hip with customers or partners. It can enhance the relationship and improve the customers’ satisfaction. The second and third problem also can be solved by standardization.So choose a right platform to standardize data and exchange process is crucial for Accenture. As a new brand, Accenture should consider their strategic context carefully before they making the decision. And clarify the enterprise’s view of IT infrastructure. In this case they realized that they should run IT not a cost center but as a business within business. When they face three different types of platforms, they choose the single-vendor approach to minimize the cost of IT. Also they choose Microsoft and HP as their software and hardware suppliers. It’s a brilliant decision because these two companies have great reputation in such industry.It’s a valuable and stable relationship for Accenture to cooperate with Microsoft and HP. It can improve the efficiency both in software and hardwa re aspects. In the case, I notice that the Anderson’s information system is too complex and it cost too much on storage data. So it’s inefficient in data exchange and communication. Accenture should try to simplify the process and try to control the cost. Choosing the single-vendor approach can save the cost of IT. Also, they outsource their data storage service. To do so, I have some recommendations for Accenture to improve the information system management.They should put more attention on the relationship management between Accenture and outsourcing companies to make sure the efficient communication between each other. In the information era, the communication is very important. They can provide their partners the part of Accenture IT platform , to they can communicate internally. onsidering Accenture as a B2B company, I suggest that focus on converting conventional interactions to IT-enable data exchange to make sure their clients can get the data timely and accura tely. The globalization and becoming a public company is a new challenge for Accenture.Globalization is a great advantage of outsourcing, Accenture can outsource some service to low labor cost countries. It can reduce the IT cost. As I said before, how to manage the relationship between different suppliers and outsourcing companies is important for Accenture. In the case, it mentioned the (1) standard platform, (2) a single global â€Å"instance† of that platform. It tally well with my analysis before. In sum, Accenture has a successful IT transformation, and for its further growth I have given several suggestions according to the articles this week.

President Obamas Higher Education Agenda

President Obamas Higher Education Agenda Higher education in the United States of America has been dwindling for the last few years. This may be the major reason as to why President Barack Obama has turned his focus on improving education sector. He has been reinstating that economy of the United States of America relies heavily on education.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on President Obama’s Higher Education Agenda specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His education goal of producing 8 million more graduates by 2020 is because America is currently experiencing shortage of skilled labor in the manufacturing sector which forms the basis for economic growth. Speaking at the University of Texas at Austin, he stated: â€Å"Education is an economic issue when nearly 8 of 10 new jobs will require workforce training or a higher education by the end of this decade† (Lee, 2010). He openly admitted that education standards in the United States of America have been declining over the past years. This has been proven by a drastic fall from position one to the current 12th position world wide over a short period of time. He remarked: â€Å"I want you to know we have been slipping. In a single generation, we’ve fallen from first place to 12th place in college graduation rates for young adults† (Lee, 2010). He, therefore, expressed his fears that countries with well streamlined education systems may become more prosperous than the United States of America. He claimed: â€Å"Education is an economic issue when we know beyond a shadow of doubt that countries that out-educate us today, they will out-compete us tomorrow† (Lee, 2010). However, President Obama’s goal of producing 8 million more college graduates by 2020 may not be achieved due to economic constrains. For instance, the current impact of inflation has led to negative effects on the U.S economy. This situation has been worsened by fluctuations of oil price s which have also affected global economic status. Unemployment of young adults in the United States of America has also added its impact on the economy of the United States of America. As a result, the U.S Government has reduced its educational funding. Consequently, inadequate educational funding has led to a very great shortage of learning resources in educational centers. Almost all the States of America are experiencing challenges in the education sector (Cramer Elliot III, 2012). Therefore, educational standards in the U.S have been compromised. Some States have made remarkable efforts to generate extra revenue for supplementing National educational funding through increase of taxes.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, very few improvements have been achieved. The K-12 education has been adversely affected by the shortage of funds because it receives the least s hare of funds from the States’ budget allocations (Cramer Elliot III, 2012). It is, therefore, true to assert that the President’s brilliant educational objective will not be achieved unless educational funding is increased. Increase in educational funding remains a great challenge in virtually all States, thus this challenge has to be dealt with first. Though the President talked of designing effective strategies so as to ensure that students receive educational grants and loans, lack of enough learning resources in educational centers may impede developments in the education sector (Cramer Elliot III). President Obama’s Higher Education agenda may be made more difficult to be achieved by the current shortage of renewable energy resources. Nevertheless, President Obama believes that renewable energy sustainability holds the key to a stable economy (Lee, 2010). References Cramer, R. Elliot III, W. (2012). To Limit Debt, Promote Savings. Retrieved from insideh ighered.com/views/2012/02/10/essay-role-encouraging-savings-efforts-reduce-debt Lee, J. (2010, August 9) Re: President Obama on Higher Education in Austin: We Are Not Playing for Second Place [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2010/08/09/president-obama-higher-education-austin-we-are-not-playing-second-place

Prepositions in Spanish

Prepositions in Spanish On the one hand, prepositions in Spanish are easy to understand, because they usually function in almost the same way as they do in English. On the other, prepositions are one of the most challenging aspects of using Spanish, because it is not always easy to remember one to use. A simple and very common preposition such as en can be translated not only as in, the most common translation, but also as to, by, and about, among others. What Are Prepositions in Spanish? A preposition is a type of word that is used to form a phrase; the phrase in turn functions as an adjective or adverb. In both English and Spanish, a preposition is followed by an object, which is a noun  or a word that functions as a noun.  (Sometimes in English a preposition can appear at the end of a sentence, but that cant be  done in Spanish.) Lets look at a couple of sample sentences to see how the preposition relates its object to other parts of a sentence. English: I (subject) am going (verb) to (preposition) the store (prepositional object).Spanish: Yo (subject) voy (verb) a (preposition) la tienda (prepositional object). In the above sentence the phrase to the store or a la tienda forms a phrase that functions as an adverb that complements the verb. Here is an example of a prepositional phrase that functions as an adjective: English: I (subject) see (verb) the shoe (direct object) under (preposition) the table (prepositional object).Spanish: Yo (subject) veo (verb) el zapato (direct object) bajo (preposition) la mesa (prepositional object). Common Spanish Prepositions Like English, Spanish has a few dozen prepositions. The following list shows the most common ones along with some of the most common meanings and some short sample sentences. A preposition that consists of two words is sometimes known as a compound preposition. a - to, at, by means of. Vamos a la ciudad. (We are going to the city.)Vengo a las tres. (I am coming at 3.)Viajamos a pie. We are traveling by foot. antes de - before. Leo antes de dormirme. (I read before going to sleep.) bajo - under, underneath. El perro est bajo la mesa. (The dog is under the table.) cerca de - near. El perro est cerca de la mesa. (The dog is near the table.) con - with. Voy con à ©l. (I am going with him.)Me gustarà ­a queso con la hamburguesa. (I would like cheese with the hamburger.) contra - against. Estoy contra la huelga. (I am against the strike.) de - of, from, indicating possession. El sombrero es hecho de papel. The hat is made of paper.Soy de Nueva York. (Im from New York.)Prefiero el carro de Juan. (I prefer Juans car. I prefer the car of Juan.) delante de - in front of. Mi carro est delante de la casa. (My car is in front of the house.) dentro de - inside, inside of. El perro est dentro de la jaula. (The dog is inside the cage.) desde - since, from. No comà ­ desde ayer. (I havent eaten since yesterday.)Tirà ³ el bà ©isbol desde la ventana. He threw the baseball from the window. despuà ©s de - after. Comemos despuà ©s de la clase. (We are eating after class.) detrs de - behind. El perro est detrs de la mesa. (The dog is behind the table.) durante - during. Dormimos durante la clase. (We slept during the class.) en - in, on. Ella est en Nueva York. (She is in New York.)El perro est en la mesa. (The dog is on the table.) encima de - on top of. El gato est encima de la casa. (The cat is on top of the house.) enfrente de - in front of. El perro est enfrente de la mesa. (The dog is in front of the table.) entre - between, among. El perro est entre la mesa y el sof. (The dog is between the table and the sofa.)Andemos entre los rboles. (Lets walk among the trees.) fuera de - outside, outside of. El perro est fuera de la casa. (The dog is outside of the house.) hacia - toward. Caminamos hacia la escuela. (We are walking toward the school.) hasta - until, as far has. Duermo hasta las seis. (Im sleeping until 6.)Viajamos hasta la ciudad. (We are traveling as far as the city.) para - for, in order to. El regalo es para usted. (The gift is for you.)Trabajo para ser rico. (I work in order to be rich.) por - for, by, per. Damos gracias por la comida. (We give thanks for the meal.)Fue escrito por Juan. (It was written by Juan.)El peso cotiza a 19.1 por dà ³lar. (The peso is quoted at 19.1 per dollar.) segà ºn - according to. Segà ºn mi madre va a nevar. (According to my mother it is going to snow.) sin - without. Voy sin à ©l. (I am going without him.) sobre - over, about (in the sense of concerning). Se cayà ³ sobre la silla. (He fell over the chair.)Es un programa sobre el presidente. (Its a program about the president.) tras - after, behind. Caminaban uno tras otro. (They walked one after the other. They walked one behind the other.)

Social Media Investigations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Media Investigations - Assignment Example Social media is a significant model representing an absolute exercise of the fourth amendment law by every citizen in America. Social media uses personal information on individual accounts as a means to create a satisfactory interface dimension in the modern society. Personal information provided on social media helps to reconnect with friends and family members. The social media faces intense challenges from official investigations by various governments. The American government uses social media to assemble evidence on possible suspects. Social media also acts as a central podium for identifying a given criminal’s location Brunty, Helenek & Miller, 2013). The federal government monitors social media and uses the identified details in a misconstrued manner. This case shows a violation of the fourth amendment that protects citizens against unreasonable search. The law also protects individuals from the seizure of personal information without warrants. Professor Semitsu’s perspective on the need to regulate government violations justifies the rising arbitrary search by law enforcement. The intrusion by the government shows misguided behavior on individual privacy. The discussion on social media invasion draws the justification from the provision in the fourth act (Kessler, 2010). The provision condemns the use of evidence obtained against such arbitrary searches or seizure of personal effect. Citizens should enjoy constitutional provisions of social networking without disturbance. The invasion by law enforcement agencies defines a dictatorial status as a ruling definition by any government. Asking social media’s legal department for personal records without a warrant is similar to a seizure of documents and personal effects.

Management and operation of Abu Dhabi and Singapore Airport Research Paper

Management and operation of Abu Dhabi and Singapore Airport - Research Paper Example As a business goal, Abu Dhabi International airport authority associates the largest importance to the experience of the passengers who pass through their terminals. The fast growth of the airport is based on connecting people to their destinations with smoothness and utmost comfort and making their journeys relaxed and enjoyable. Abu Dhabi International airport attaches high importance to their technological advancement in operations and management of flights backed by the highest internal safety standards. Since its inception in 1982, Abu Dhabi International airport is owned by the Government of Abu Dhabi. It is operated by Abu Dhabi Airports Company since 2006 that has been given the task to enhance the smoothness of operations and comfort of the passengers giving them a lifetime experience. The airport operates seven days a week and twenty-four hours a day. In order to accommodate more passengers in connecting east to the west, several projects are underway in support Abu Dhabi I nternational airport to reach world standards. The airport has several accolades of international repute over the years, namely Skytrax Best Airport Award in 2011 where it emerged as the secondly ranked airport in terms of performance in the middle-east. The airport is committed to international standards of safety for its passengers and thereby developing a long-term relationship. The runway, for example, is qualified for operation with the minimum visibility of 125 meters thereby reducing the delay of flights due to adverse weather conditions.

Financial Reporting and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Financial Reporting and Analysis - Essay Example This principle can also be termed as accrual basis accounting. c) Purchase for store equipment or office equipment for less than $25 are entered in miscellaneous expenses. The matching principle is followed here. Expenses and revenues have to be matched if it becomes reasonable to do so. Expenses should be recognized when a particular work or product contributes to revenue. It is not when the work is done or when the product is produced. Income is recognized the same way with the expenses whether it is earned, incurred and received or spent. Consistency is enhanced through this principle. f) Land purchased 15 years ago for $40500 and now worth $346 000 is still carried in the books at $40500 on the basis of the historical cost principle. Land is a long term asset and should be reported in the balance sheet at its purchase cost rather than its current market value. This principle is based It should be based on the cost of acqusation. The information provided by this principle is reliable although lacks relevance and that the reason why Debts and Securities are now being reported at their market values. g) Zero corporation reports the possible loss of $1 million after it was sued for breach of contract in accordance with the principle of full disclosure. This principle ensures that all the important financial information is fully included in financial statements. This principle is important since it ensures that a company reflects even negative information and also highlighting positive impacts (Gibson, 2008). When the financial statements are audited, an opinion is expressed, the opinion of the auditor should be expressed on the opinion that generally accepted accounting principles are followed and applied on the basis of consistency as they were applied in the preceding year (Ramos, 2006). Unqualified opinion –this type of an opinion has no financial statements

Construction of Identity Through Photography

Construction of Identity Through Photography This essay the researcher will attempt to document the use of fashion photography namely two sets of fashion photographers with very different styles, Guy bourdain, Helmut Newton who worked predominantly in the 70s and 80s and Richard Avedon and Irving Penn who worked predominately in the 50s and 60s. the essay attempt to show if fashion photography contributes to promoting a positive influence in constructing identity of the female viewer. To do this the essay will define the use of semiotics fashion photography, he will show techniques and models that are used to create and sell an idea to the viewer. And determine whether the majority of the ridership of editorial fashion photography are influenced positively or negatively. The average readership for Britains most popular and renowned fashion publication is Vogue Britain is 646 thousand people, the parentage age of the ridership is as followed from 17 to 19 =15 % 20 to 24 25 % 25 to 34 26 % 35 to 44 17% and 44% to above 17%, 84 % of these readers are female, there for 81 % or 523,260 readers of the publication are females between the age of 17 and 34 (Vivacom, July, 2009 [online]). The process of developing identity begins with the infants discovery of self, and becomes the focus of adolescence. Erik Erikson, identified the goal of adolescence as achieving a coherent identity and avoiding identity confusion. Identity is multidimensional and may include physical and sexual identity, and usually make commitments to their identity as they move into early adulthood. Adults may revaluate and alter certain aspects of their identity as life circumstances Change.(http://social.jrank.org/ 2006 [online]). The physical, cognitive, and social changes of adolescence allows teenagers to develop there identity that will serve as a basis for their adult lives. The emergence of abstract reasoning abilities allows adolescents to think about the future and experiment with different identities. James Marcia hypothesized that identity development involves two steps. Step one, the adolescent must break away from childhood beliefs to explore alternatives for identity in a particular area i.e. clothing. (http://social.jrank.org/ 2006 [online]). The Second step, marcoa states that the adolescent makes a commitment as to their individual identity in that area. Often adolescents begin to question their ideas and beliefs and enter a moratorium. The moratorium status is characterized by exploration of alternatives. Identity may occur at different times. For females, an important component of their identity is related to their physical appearance. Identity achievement during adolescence serves as a basis for our adult expectations and goals for ourselves. As individuals enter early adulthood they use their understanding of whom they are to develop a life span construct a link between the identity developed in adolescence and the adult self. (http://social.jrank.org [2006]). As the st atement above suggests people predominantly woman are at there most influenced at there adolescence and young adults stages. As stated a large percentage of readers of magazines such as vogue fall with in this age group of adolescent to young adult. The two main types of fashion photography in fashion magazines such as Vogue are advertising and editorial, both of these photography forms use the use of signs or semiotics, in communicating the fashion to the reader mainly a woman between the age of 17 and 34. Fashion photography speaks both the reality and illusion of garments and of bodies, and in deconstructing how these elements are organized and presented, a new language and system emerges from the photographic work (Roland bath) A sign as anything which is so determined by something else, called its Object, and so determines an effect upon a person, a sign is constructed of three inter-related parts: a sign, an object, and an interpretation, in fashion photography the sign is the photograph, this doesnt necessarily mean the focus of the image i.e. the clothing it could be the entire scene and the narrative behind it. The object might be the clothing or the jewellery but it may also be the model and the interpretation. A reading of both the previous factors, take for example the photograph below by renowned fashion photography Corrine day. Plate 1 Corrine Day, 2007 Stem Golden Years, Vogue UK This is an example of an editorial fashion photograph. If this image were to be red as a sign first of all the image must be broken down first of all the sign the two dimensional object of a three dimensional seen, in the image the reader can see facts, the location is the London tube system it is between the hours of 7 am and 12 pm as we can see the train in the background and the train only runs between this time we can tell even with out knowing about the photographer we can tell that the image was taken between the 20th century and present day as this is when the tube was made. We can also see that the image included strobe flash as the models movement has been frozen yet the trains movement is blurred this also suggests that the image was taken between this time as the electronic flash was also created in this time. All these facts start to tell as story a narrative and sets up the stage for The object being the clothes and the model. Models play a key part in selling the item as well as the ideal, and research shown in; The influence of fashion magazines on the body image satisfaction of college women: an exploratory analysis by Sherry L. Turner,  Heather Hamilton,  Meija Jacobs,  Laurie M. Angood,  Deanne Hovde Dwyer has sets out to find if women are influenced negatively by fashion magazines. The research shows work by Sheldon and Stevens done in the 1940s; the research found that ectomorphic (having a build with little fat or muscle but with long limbs) individuals were perceived negatively. By the late 1980s, the perception had shifted. Ectomorphics were considered to be the most sexually appealing. The research states that in 1978, mean weight of models has dropped to 84% of the population mean, and among the Miss America Pageant contestants: Prior to 1970, mean weight of the contestants was approximately 88% of the population norm The research shows that these figures are consistent with the courage ousness of models appearing in Vogue from 1901 to 1981. A study done in this research proves that adolescent to young women are influenced by fashion magazines, the experiment took 49 undergraduate females enrolled in a psychology course at a New England womens college. 24 were assigned to the fashion magazine group, and 25 were assigned to the news magazine group. tests revealed no significant differences in the mean height, weight, or age of the two groups .Eight magazines were chose on the basis of its popularity and availability Four that had reputations of fashion and models Vogue, Bazaar, Elle, and Allure. And four news magazines used in the control Time, News week, News World Report, and Business Week. The participants were then assessed on perceptions of their bodies and their dieting attitudes. Examples of these questions are: I am very frustrated about my weight; I am afraid of getting fat; and I diet to improve my looks. Participants were then asked to indicate which of the eight magazines they read prior to completing the questionnaire. A three-part, self-administered questionnaire was used to assess womens body image satisfaction. The first portion of the questionnaire consisted of adult figure drawings designed and illustrated by Stunkard, Sorenson, and Schulsinger (1980). Each participant was asked to examine nine female silhouettes of varying size and to indicate the figure that most clearly reflected her perceptions of her own body type, her ideal body type, and the body type considered to be most ideal by society. A nine-point scale was used, with the lowest numbers corresponding to the thinnest silhouettes. The applicants were then asked to wait in a waiting room one at a time four magazines were placed in front of them. For half of the participants, the waiting room contained news magazines and for the half, there were fashion magazines. After 13 minutes, participants were given the questionnaire to complete. Unlimited time was given for completion. Ten participants indicated on their questionnaire that they did not read a magazine while waiting. These students were eliminated from the data analyses. The resulting sample consisted of 18 (37%) participants in the fashion magazine condition and 21 (43%) in the news magazine condition. The research results prove what they hypothesised. Ideal weight differed for the two groups. Women who viewed fashion magazines perceived a lower ideal weight than did women who viewed news magazines. Women who viewed fashion magazines reported more frequently feeling very frustrated about their weight, weighing themselves more than once a week, exercising only to lose weight feeling guilty while eating, feeling guilty after eating, being preoccupied with the desire to be thinner and being afraid of getting fat, Similarly, when compared to women who viewed news magazines, those who viewed fashion magazines less frequently reported being pleased about their bodies, and feeling satisfied with the shape of their bodies. This research has proven that the media has is influential to adolescent and young women it shows that the fashion magazine show and ideal rather than a reflection of societies perception of the female form. These results shows that the models in the photographs have a philological effect on the women that view and therefore read them, this leads to the interpretation the interpretation is a reading of both the previous factors the sign and the object, if the target audience i.e. woman 17 to 30 years of age Weston hemisphere middle income, feels jealousy for the shape and figure of the woman they will associate the clothes she is wearing with the model her self i.e. (if I want to be like her I have to get those clothes) or in other fashion photographs like the one below by renowned British fashion photographer Norman Parkinson, the images often show a glamorous location i.e. beaches far away cities such as New York Paris etc this adds another layer to the sign if people associate the object with the sign or the model and clothing with the location there interpretation may be that if I want to be like that model and have that life style then I have to get the clothes. Plate 2 Norman Parkinson, 1980, Pilar Crespi As the research earlier stated by the late 1980s, the perception had shifted ectomorphics were now considered to be the most sexually appealing, the research shows that fashion magazines changed from using larger models to thinner ones during two prominent fashion photographer working in this time were Guy bourdin and Helmut Newton. Guy Bourdin, Gaby wood from the observer says trailblazing image-maker of the Seventies and eighties, doyen of photographic perversion, godfather of countless images we see in magazines and advertising today. Bourdin pioneered what might be called the new soft porn the acceptable face of sex to sell anything, an aesthetic too knowing, too caught up in unveiling the world of the fetish, to be actually pornographic. (The Observer, 2003) Gaby reiterates the point that this photographer although giving a lot of new ideas and style to the fashion photography industry, is somewhat responsible for the change of models in fashion photography and along with other photographers of the 80s set the theme of models getting thinner in fashion photography. Plate 3 Guy Bourdin (1983) The Guy Bourdin Estate, 2003 The image above is a prime example of guy bourdin image, typically containing naked or semi naked women and featuring shoes the main focus of the image is the body, bourdin heavily crops a large amount of his work focusing on the body rather than the persons (models) face. When looking at this photograph it is hard to concentrate on any thing but the vivid colours of the objet the fashion and the purposely lit models, the back ground has been lit but with a much lower ratio than the models again drawing the focus to the body. Helmut Newton was another renowned fashion photographer that worked in the 60s 70s and 1980s Newtons work like bourdins in controversial and provocative. More than often the images contained naked females, His works appeared in magazines including, most significantly, French Vogue. Plate 4 Helmut Newton (1998) Mugler Above is a prime example of Newtons work often shot in black and white in high contrast the female is presented square on and the clothing has a relation to sadomasochistic and the fetish. The model is corseted witch exemplifies the narrow thin shape of the model. SM is a fashion statement today because of him (Independent on Sunday,  May 2001). Although a lot is wrote about Helmuts work being sexist, exploitative and misogynist but Helmuts wife renowned photographer Alice springs whom edited and curate Helmuts books and exhibitions says that he gives women power. The chains, whips and handcuffs are jokes, These women are no victims (Independent on Sunday,  May, 2001) further more The Barbican curator Tomoko Sato, who collaborated on the exhibition with June, its Guest Curator, says they define the role of women as commanding partner rather than passive object(Independent on Sunday,  May, 2001) in contrast to the work of guy bourdin and Helmut Newton the researcher will now show and discus how the work of fashion photographers who worked primarily in the 1940s and 1950 features models and signs and themes much different to the ones of the 70s and 80s the photographer that will be discussed are Richard Avedon and Irvin Penn. Richard Avedon shot the Paris collections for almost 40 years, and was staff photographer for  Vogue  from 1966 until 1990, Known for bringing the fashion models of the day, including and Sunny Harnett, to life, Richard Avedon injected a previously unseen vibrancy into the medium of fashion photography.  (JO CRAVEN 22 April, 2008) Plate 5 Richard Avedon (1950s) Above is an image by Avedon taken in 1957 of model Carmen DellOrefice. The image following the style of the time features the model looking curvy and not stick thin confirming the results of the tests of the students. Avedon used models like this through his carrier. Irvin Penn was another photographer working in fashion photography industry during the 50s and 60s Penn was 26 when he began working for vogue, photographic covers for the fashion magazine  Vogue. He began photographing his own ideas for covers and soon established himself as a fashion photographer. His austere fashion images communicated elegance and luxury through compositional refinement and clarity of line rather than through the use of elaborate props and backdrops. (1994-2010 Encyclopaedia Britannica,) Andy Gruenberg wrights in the New York times one of the 20th centurys most prolific and influential photographers of fashion and the famous, whose signature blend of classical elegance and cool minimalism was recognizable to magazine readers and museum goers worldwide. Plate 6 Irving Penn. 1950, Vogue America Cover Above is an example of Penns fashion work, again notice the size and shape of the model this image taken in the 1950 for a American vogue cover. Reiterating the point made in the studies and again contrasting the work and change in model shape by the 1980s Conclusion It would apeer that there was a shift in the way that the media fashion photography in particular presenter and advertised an ideal towards it main demographic the research has shown the effects of this change with studys. It has also suggested ways in with this is achieved i.e. semiotics the researcher then applied these rules in semiotics to fashion photography works. Noted fashion photographers were then selected and shown and compared for their noted works in the decades witch they predominantly worked. Over all I believe that the essay proves and highlights the point that it set out to do but more research to reiterate the findings would have been preferred to give the argument more definition. Also more research in to other metered of philology towards the model and advertising could have strengthened the argument more so.