Childhood Obesity And The United States - 1286 Words

Childhood Obesity in America Since 1980 the rates of child obesity have more than tripled which has caused a growing pandemic of childhood obesity in the United States. Out of all the young children and adolescents within the age group of two through nineteen about 12.7 million are obese. That is the equivalent of about 17% of America’s population that is suffering from childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is too prevalent in all American households. Childhood obesity is detrimental on a national scale, since it has been growing at a steady rate in the United States of children not reaching the daily-recommended physical activity, the absence of a balanced diet with overconsumption of eating, and more critically the increase of type 2 diabetes. Throughout the last twenty years there has been an increasing trend of childhood obesity. The trend of childhood obesity is highly discussed more than ever before because prior to 1980 there was not a pandemic of childhood obesity (Type 2 Diabetes, 2015, para. 2). Moreover, many people lack the knowledge of how harmful childhood obesity is and how it can negatively affect their children in numerous ways. However, it is important to realize that there is more than one factor that leads to childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is an increasing trend that supports a sedentary lifestyle and puts children at risk of social criticism, which can impact a child’s social skills negatively. For example, â€Å"obesity increases the likelihood ofShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : The United States1202 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood obesity is becoming one of the top public health concerns in the United States. â€Å"Over the past three decades, childhood obesity rates have tripled in the U.S., and today, the country has some of the highest obesity rates in the world: one out of six children is obese, and one out of three children is overweight or obese† (World Health Organization, 2015). With the drastic inc rease in obese children over the last 30 years and the huge healthcare associated costs many programs and incentivesRead MoreChildhood Obesity : The United States916 Words   |  4 Pagesrecent years, the issue of childhood obesity has gained major attention in the United States especially in the 21st century. The percentage of obesity has raised tremendously within the last decade. In a recent news article, American Obesity Rates Are on the Rise, Maggie Fox states â€Å"about 28 percent of the people in America admits that they are obese.† The United States has become the country with the highest rate of obesity in the world. Besides adults who are obese, obesity is also a common issue toRead MoreChildhood Obesity And The United States Essay1868 Words   |  8 Pagesoccurred called childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is defined as a child having his/her BMI (Body Mass Index) higher than 94% among children in the same age and gender group. One third of American children a re overweight and over 15% are obese (Lanham, 2009). Research and documentation is without dispute, our children are not just overweight, but physically and mentally becoming ill. Specialists are seeing specific life-threatening medical conditions, all associated with childhood weight issuesRead MoreChildhood Obesity And The United States Essay1782 Words   |  8 PagesChildhood Obesity In today’s society, there has been a plethora of achievements in technology, medical advancement, and educational platforms. However, with these new, exciting gateways has come several issues, some of which have become very serious. One of the most important hot button issues is childhood obesity. In fact, statistics show that since the 1970’s, the obesity rate in children’s ages range two to five in the United States, has increased over five percent alone, as well as over tenRead MoreChildhood Obesity : The United States1792 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"President Obama established a Task Force on Childhood Obesity clearly stating his goal to solve the problem of childhood obesity within a generation† (Eschmeyer). Therefore, he launched the Let’s Move campaign where Michelle Obama was the leading spokesperson for. Furthermore, she played an important role in helping to improve the food nutrition policy. As nearly everyone knows the issue of childhoo d obesity has been on the rise in the United States. In fact, children ages 6-19 have a one out ofRead MoreChildhood Obesity: An Epidemic in the United States826 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"Between 16 and 33 percent of children and adolescents are obese† states (Children and Teens, 1). Yes, one fourth of all children in the United States are obese, and inevitably this number will continue to rise. Obesity is one of the most obvious conditions to recognize, yet one of the most difficult to treat for quite a few reasons (Children and Teens, 1). Childhood obesity has been an epidemic in the United States for many years, but has recently skyrocketed, due to lack of exercise and unhealthyRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An Epidemic With The United States Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesReducing Childhood Obesity †¢ Introduction o Childhood obesity has become an epidemic with the United States o The Healthy People 2020 Topic †¢ Reduce the proportion of children and adolescents who are considered obese (Healthy People 2020, 2016). o Definition of Childhood Obesity: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015), a child with a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 85th percentile and below the 95th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex are consideredRead MoreChildhood Obesity : The United States For Children1263 Words   |  6 PagesAshley Phillips English 100-17 Ms. Taylor 25 November 2014 Childhood Obesity Obesity in school-age children is a problem in North Carolina. â€Å"North Carolina is the 23rd most obese state in the United States for children www.eatsmartmovemorenc.com/Data/Texts/Quick%20Facts.pdf – 31.4% of youth in North Carolina are overweight or obese† https://www.healthiergeneration.org/...childhood_obesity/.../north_caroli... (Child Obesity Rate). There is a mandated physical education requirement for school-ageRead MoreEssay on Childhood Obesity in the United States2861 Words   |  12 PagesReview Description of Obesity Problem Childhood obesity is an increasing problem here in the United States. According to Schuab and Marian (2011) â€Å"Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions† (P.553). The prevalence of child obesity and overweight has increased over the last 30 years all over the United States, becoming one of the biggest public health challenges (Moreno, Johnson-Shelton, Boles, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to give a background of the obesity epidemic, a review ofRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On The United States Today1479 Words   |  6 Pagespediatric obesity now represents one of the most pressing nutritional problems facing children in the United States today. International population studies report comparable rates of increase, so that if current trends remain unchecked, childhood obesity is likely to challenge worldwide public health. Substantial consequences to physical and mental health, both short and long term, must be anticipated. Unfortunately, there is no uniform definition of childhood obesity. Childhood obesity has been

Oral Culture Of The Late Middle Ages - 1468 Words

Given the prevalence of books, magazines, and newspapers in everyday life today, it is difficult to imagine a world without print. The transition from the essentially oral culture of the late Middle Ages to the print culture of the Renaissance fundamentally changed human interaction. In Western society, the invention of the printing press and subsequent widespread literacy signaled the shift away from a primarily oral culture to a literate, print culture. Many scholars, including Plato and Harold Innis, have suggested that the advantages of an oral culture exceed those of a print culture. Even further, the past few decades have seen calls to orality, or propositions that we must return to oral culture to balance print culture. As seen through a lens of the history of print culture, the benefits of literacy and a predominantly print culture outweigh the benefits of an oral culture because of the impact print has had on standardized language and national consciousness, the field of sci ence and accuracy, and the quick dissemination of information and dialogue. Through a comparison of advancements during the Print Revolution and current features of modern society, I will argue that there is no need to re-embrace orality because elements of oral culture already exist in our modern print culture. The Print Revolution was marked by the invention of the printing press and growing industrial capitalism in Europe. The idea of capitalism enabled publishers to seek mass markets forShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Human Development1196 Words   |  5 Pageshuman grow process that start with the reproduction, the process of the human body, the brain and internal organs that are developing during the pregnancy, birth, early, middle, and late childhood, adolescence, early, middle, and late adulthood until the end of life. Additionally, the environments where individuals grow, culture, socio economics status also influence the person’s personalities (Santrock, 2015). Biopsychosocial is one of the most challenging formulations that clinicians needs toRead MoreThe Word Of History By Frederick Dielman1569 Words   |  7 Pageshistory, historical narrative, recorded knowledge of past events, story, narrative . History was borrowed from Latin (possibly via Old Irish or Old Welsh) into Old English as stà ¦r ( history, narrative, story ), but this word fell out of use in the late Old English period.[14] Meanwhile, as Latin became Old French (and Anglo-Norman), historia developed into forms such as istorie, estoire, and historie, with new developments in the meaning: account of the events of a person s life (beginning ofRead MoreUnderstanding and Developing Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagestime one is born, the infant begins to constantly change throughout his or her’s life. Human development occurs at different stages, throughout the life span. A child will experience many milestones from birth to toddlerhood, throughout early and middle childhood, and several theories for these milestones. Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, and Erik Erikson classify their different theories of the stages of life in three unique domains: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial/emotional. Infancy/ToddlerhoodRead MoreLifespan Development945 Words   |  4 Pages * Finer differences * Ethnicity * Race * Socioeconomic Race * Gender * Korosol increase stress * Cohort- group of people born at around the same time in the same place * Age graded influences- similar at particular age group * Sociocultural graded influences- social and cultural factors present at a particular time. * Modafin * Critical period- environmental stimuli are necessary for dev. * Sensitive Period- Certain kind ofRead MoreDevelopment Theories1579 Words   |  7 Pagesit is either because you are hungry, dirty, sleepy or even just need to be comforted. So there for you cry because you want your caregiver to feed you, clean you, or even snuggle with you so you can fall asleep. The ego state comes around the age of two or three when as Freud states, â€Å"the job of the ego to satisfy the demands of the id and to have realistic plans for obtaining what the id wants. Also according to simply psychology, â€Å"Initially the ego is â€Å"that part of the id which has been modifiedRead MoreThe American Heritage Dictionary Of The English Language1591 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I thought of deaf culture, I wanted to first see if I could find any definitions so that I could get a general idea as to what it meant before I started doing all my research on it. So I started with the word culture first. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (online version) states: 1. a. The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. b. These patterns, traits,Read MoreWomen in the 20th Century1684 Words   |  7 Pageswomen that were trying to conform to the image of homemaker were causing women a great deal of pain. The problem lay unspoken for years in the minds of American women. It was a feeling of dissatisfaction, a yearning that most women suffered in the middle of the 20th century in the United States, and the American women thought they were struggling alone. For years the millions of words written about women, for women, in all the columns, books, and articles by experts telling women their role was toRead MoreThe Arabian Nights; Its Influence on Western Society1422 Words   |  6 Pagessaid that The Arabian Nights is a collection of stories from whole lot different countries. It was stated that originally the stories came from India and Persia, however then the story was translated into Arabic language. Ever since then, Arab’s culture and their own stories were added to make stories in the N ights become an enjoyable, beneficial and culturally based folktales. The Nights is a large frame containing many other interesting stories in it. The character, Shaherezad is the narratorRead MoreThe American Psychological Association : The Biological, Psychological And Social Approaches2408 Words   |  10 Pageshuman grow process that start with the reproduction of cells, the development of the body, brain and internal organs that are developing during the pregnancy, birth, early, middle, and late childhood, adolescence, early, middle, and late adulthood until the end of life. Additionally, the environments where individuals grow, culture, socio economics status also influence the person’s personalities (Santrock, 2015). Biopsychosocial is one of the most challenging formulations that clinicians needs toRead MoreDomesticity in 19th Century White Middle Class America Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesDomesticity in 19th Century White Middle Class America The nineteenth century marked a turning point for women in the United States. As men took work outside of the home women were left to cultivate a place that could serve as a haven from the harsh outside world. This change created a domestic sphere ru d by women; it paramounted from simple household organization to matters involving moral and religious responsibility, health, education, and social duty. Women found power in their new

Plurilateral Approach To Mutual Recognition -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Plurilateral Approach To Mutual Recognition? Answer: Introduction The decision of the exit of UK from the European Union has been termed the Brexit or British exit. This decision was taken by UK in the year 2016 with the help of the referendum that was issued on June 23, 2016. The vote that had taken place for the decision of UK to leave the European Union had defied the expectations of the global markets and the value of British pound had fallen to the lowest level. The Prime Minister of UK, David Cameroon resigned from the post in the following month as he was against the decision that was taken by the votes. Cameroon was then succeeded by Theresa May as Prime Minister of UK and the leader of the Conservative party (Baatz2015). The process of Brexit can be divided into two parts which are hard Brexit and soft Brexit. Hard Brexit can be defined as the withdrawal of UK from the European Union where Britain will not participate in the single market of EU and the legal rules related to that market as well. The full control of the immigration system of UK will be in the hands of British government. The rules related to immigration will also become much strict than before. The hard Brexit option would be related to the compliance of UK with the rules of the World Trade Organization or WTO to carry out the trade with Europe. Soft Brexit can be interpreted as the arrangements that can be made when UK will leave the European Union that are related to trade between the countries (Bergin et al. 2017). The softer solution is related to the strategic partnership agreement with the other countries in the European Union. The analysis that will be performed in the report will be based on the AEO scheme related to the Brexit effect in UK. The AEO scheme or Authorised Economic Operator is related to the trade related schemes of the countries that are part of European Union (Busch and Matthes2016). Definition of AEO scheme Authorised Economic Operator or AEO can be defined as the parties who are involved in the movement of international goods which are approved by the national administration while they comply with the WCO or World Customs Organization about the rules related to the security of the supply chain of the organization. Authorised Economic Operators include, importers, manufacturers, brokers, exporters, intermediaries, consolidators, airports, integrated operators, terminal operators, distributors and warehouses (Chang and Wu 2015). The threats related to the security of goods have increased with the increase in global trade and international movement related to the goods. This issue has shifted the focus of the administrators of the customs departments towards providing the security related to the flow of international trade from the major focus of collecting duties. AEO is considered to be one of the major parts related of the SAFE Framework that was introduced by WCO. The core elements of the SAFE Framework are, Harmonization of advance information related to the electronic cargo. The countries which join the SAFE Framework are committed towards the employment of risk management programs that are consistent in nature and are able to address the different threats related to security (Chang-Bong et al. 2016). The customs administration of the sending nation also needs to perform high security checks of risky cargo and containers on the request of the receiving nation. The benefits that will be provided to the businesses by the Customs who comply to the minimal security requirements related to supply chain and follow the best practices as well (Dhingra et al. 2016). The concept related to AEO is found in the Customs-to-business partnerships where the operators of the business are accredited as AEOs by the Customs if they are able to prove the high quality of the internal processes. The businesses cab prove the quality of the internal processes related to supply chain in the following ways, Ensuring the integrity of information related to the things that are present in the containers. Ensuring integrity of the employees, so that they do not put any wrong items in the containers. Securing the access to the premises of the business so that they can prevent unauthorised access (Geerlings, Kuipers and Zuidwijk2017). The European Union had established the AEO concept which was based on standard that are recognised internationally and they also created a legal base for this concept in the year 2008 with the help of security amendments to Community Customs Code or CCC and the provisions related to its implementation. The programme mainly aims towards enhancing the international security of supply chain and thereby to facilitate trade that is legitimate and is also open to the supply chain actors. The AEO status is given by the European Union to those organizations which are established in customs territory related to the Union and is part of the international supply chain (Grainger 2016). The benefits of the AEO Status The benefits that are offered by the AEO are the major part of EU legislation that govern the status of AEO. The different benefits provided by AEO are, The major benefit that is enjoyed by the organizations with AEO certification is the high level of facilitation. The delivery of the containers related to import or export are made directly to the ports. The authorized personnel are provided ID cards so that they can get problem free entry to the various customs houses and departments (Hughes 2017). The organizations receive separate space that are available in the premises of the custodian. The companies with AEO certification receive reduction in the bank guarantee. The investigations related to any type of trade that is done the companies are completed within six or nine months. The organizations also receive notifications through emails related to the arrival as well as departure of vessel that are carrying their consignments. Clearances are received all through the day and night if requested by the organizations at all the ports related to sea and airports (Kasperbauer2017). The scrutiny conducted by the officers related to Custom and the verification of the seal are also waived for the organizations with AEO certification. The duty payments that are to be made by the organizations are also deferred. The various documents of the organizations that are related to import or export are processed on a priority basis. The completion of Special Valuation branch is done quite fast for the accredited organizations as compared to the normal ones. The release time of the cargo of the certified organization is less as compared to the others. The facility is provided to the organizations so that they can paste the MRP stickers (Kee and Nicita2017). The access related to the consolidated data of export and import is given to the accredited organizations. The discussions that are made with the organizations are paperless in nature without any supporting documents. The fees related to overtime of the merchant is also waivered for the accredited organizations. These major benefits are provided to the organizations which have a AEO status. The European Union has also established the AEO status which are related to the countries and the business organizations of those countries which are part of EU (Lu and Koufteros2014). Case study examples related to the benefits of AEO status The first case study is titled as The perceived impacts of AEO security certifications on supply chain efficiency a survey study using structural equation modelling. The impact of AEO status of the organizations on the supply chain activities is the main topic of discussion in the case study. The criminal activities related to the supply chain which include counterfeiting of the cargo, theft related to the cargo are the major vulnerabilities of supply chain. The parliament of Europe has also reported theft related to cargo and lorries in Europe which amounted to a value of 8.2 billion Euros (Urciuoli and Ekwall2015). The Federal Bureau of Investigation of USA has also reported theft of cargo within the range of 10 billion dollars and 30 billion dollars. Other reports related to this issue have shown that the pirated and counterfeited items in Europe have amounted to 176 billion dollars in the year 2007. According to researches that were done in the year 2006 have shown that more tha n 3 million of the total pharmaceutical products were counterfeited (MacDonald 2016). As discussed by, Urciuoli and Ekwall (2015), the supply chain operators of Europe who are interested in mitigating and preventing the consequences that can occur due to the breach in security have the choice of joining voluntary programs of certifications, certification of the businesses and the certifications of the authority that are issued by the governments. The supply chain managers have to face new challenges that are related decisions that are made related to the choice of certifications and also to evaluate the impact that the certifications can have on the supply chain of the organizations. The research related to the organizations have many diverse opinions related to this issue. The researchers sometimes claim that the costs related to certification are sometimes an extra burden for the organizations. The loss of efficiency is related to the loss of competitive advantage that the organization holds in the market (Masouros and Papadopoulos 2016). The main purpose of the case study is to boost the understanding related to the impacts that AEO certification has on the efficiency of the supply chain of an organization. This research is mainly conducted to analyse whether the AEO certification is able to provide companies which comply with rules of the certification with benefits that are beyond the improvement of security (McGrattan and Waddle 2017). The AEO programme is comprised of a wide range of programmes related to trans-border security which are available to the managers so that they can secure the supply chain. The AEO certification is not mandatory for the organizations. however, they voluntarily apply for this. The AEO concept is a major part of the SAFE Framework which is related to the standards that are designed by World Customs Organization (WCO) which help in the dissemination the requirements of security. The legal requirements of the AEO programme are explained in the European Council Regulation. The AEO certifications are evaluated with the help of the Customs authority. The certificates of AEO are provided based on criterion that can benefit the organizations. The certifications related to AEO are available in many different forms including, AEO-C, AEO-S, AEO-F (Mendez-Parra, teVelde and Winters 2016). The real impact of the AEO certifications on the efficiency and security of the organizations are questioned by many researchers. The implementation of the AEO guidelines are not performed in an efficient manner as it is the complete responsibility of the organizations without any detailing done by the AEO certification body. The security of the organizations can be hampered in the process and the company can incur monetary or non-monetary loss. The impact of AEO certifications can also be analysed from the efficiency point of view. The major importance lies in the mutual recognition and this requires data sharing from government-to-business viewpoint. Mutual recognition is important for the organizations, which operate on an international basis. The certification of AEO gives the international organizations a quality mark that is recognized internationally and they do not need to follow multiple certifications (Thompson 2016). Complying with the requirements of the AEO certification intensifies the way by which communication and data sharing is performed between the international companies. This could further result into an extra burden for the administration of the organization. The improvement of security related to the organization can further increase the efficiency of the organizational processes. The relation between the efficiency and security has been discussed in the case study that is taken into consideration. The analysis in the case study has revealed that the AEO certification is used by the organizations to facilitate the trade related operations rather than enhancing the security of the operations. The European organizations have therefore been affected by the rules and regulations that are set for the countri es that are members of EU. Brexit will further impact the laws of AEO related to the United Kingdom (Urciuoli and Ekwall2015). The second study has been titled as The adoption of Authorised Economic Operator standards in the UK. United Kingdom is considered to be one of the largest traders in terms of goods in Europe. The International trade with the member countries of the European Union and the non-member countries have been an important part of the European economy. This has contributed hugely in the competitiveness of the country, levels of the employment and the living standards of the citizens of the country (Gond 2016). The EU AEO Programme had been launched in the year 2008, which encompassed the import as well as the export related activities in the supply chain of the organizations. The members of the European Union are legally bound to implement the AEO certification in the organizations and volunteer the other organizations as well. The customs of the Member states of European Union needs to build public and private partnerships and promoting the certification provided by AEO to organizations, which can fulfil the requirements in the supply chain. The offer that is given by this certification is favourable for both the parties, as on one side the operators of the companies can enjoy simplified and faster procedures related to the customs, on the other hand, the customs officers also need to do few checks (Wadsworth et al. 2016). The required resources can be allocated to the areas, which are high-risk zones. The numbers of organizations, which are certified organization under the AEO, are growi ng from the year 2008 to 2010. The case study mainly discusses the role that is played by the government of UK in increasing the number of AEO certifications. The dynamics related to the standardisation of the organization are related to three major perspectives, which are, standardisation by organisation, standardisation of organisation and standardisation as organisation. The AEO Programme related to European Union comprises of multi-level thematic standards. The principles and values that are related to the AEO are formulated from WCO on an international basis to the European Union. The various aspects of the AEO certification intertwine many different domains like, competition, economy and compatibility with legal texts, data protection of WTO (Ziv et al. 2018). According to, Gond (2016), the two major aspects of the case study related to AEO are major AEO drivers of the business organizations in the private sector and thereby exploring the relation between the benefits of AEO and the business performance of the companies certified by AEO. The other aspect of the case study is the standardisation and the governments that are under AEO context which focus on the government-to-business relationships, mutual recognition and the IT related solutions that act as the enablers so that the performance of the customs administration can be improved. The competitiveness is the major advantage that is desired from the European Union single market. The single market for trade can be achieved only with the collaboration of the individual governments of the states and the EU standardisation as well (Gond 2016). The AEO certification has been of major help for trade related to the different countries who are the members of the European Union. Implications of Hard Brexit The major implications of Hard Brexit: will be faced by the United Kingdom in the year 2019 without the Free Trade Agreement. The scenario that has been developed between European Union and the UK will relate to the mutual membership in the WTO. United Kigdom is quite less dependent on the intra-regional trade as compared to the other members of the European Union. This less dependency is related to the central position of the country in Europe and the high involvement of UK in the business related to the rest of the world. The exposure of United Kingdom to the trade that occurs within EU is quite significant. In the year 2015, 46% of the total British exports go to the EU and around 55% of the imports from United Kingdom come from the EU. Therefore, Hard Brexit can have huge impact on the trade between the organizations of the Member states of EU. Conclusion The report can be concluded by stating that the Brexit situation has a huge impact on the trade between the member countries of the European Union. The AEO certification helps in the increase of the security and efficiency of the supply chain of the organizations to a certain extent. The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from EU can further affect the AEO rules and regulations that are set by the body. The foreign trade is affected by the vulnerability in the situation that is created due to the Brexit effect. The amount of AEO certified organization varies largely between the member states itself. This number is the lowest in case of the United Kingdom. The transition from zero fees to the WTO-bound fees can have huge impact on the foreign trade of UK.The two case studies have shown different implications of Brexit on the UK and the supply chain of the organizations as well. The over strict nature of the security management programs can cause a loss in the flexibility and reliability of the transport chains. This further affects the capability of the organization to react instantly to the volatility in the market. References Baatz, B., 2015. Everyone Benefits: Practices and Recommendations for Utility System Benefits of Energy Efficiency. Bergin, A., Garcia-Rodriguez, A., Morgenroth, E.L. and Smith, D., 2017. Modelling the Medium-to Long-Term Potential Macroeconomic Impact of Brexit on Ireland.The Economic and Social Review,48(3, Autumn), pp.305-316. Busch, B. and Matthes, J., 2016.Brexit-the economic impact: A meta-analysis(No. 10/2016). IW-Report. Chang, H.L. and Wu, J.G., 2015. Exploring company ability to meet supply chain security validation criteria.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,45(7), pp.691-710. Chang-Bong, K., Chang-Bong, K., Chun, H.U., Chun, H.U., Kwon, S.H. and Kwon, S.H., 2016. Impact of application factors of the AEO program on its performance.Journal of Korea Trade,20(4), pp.332-348. Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G., Sampson, T. and Van Reenen, J., 2016. The impact of Brexit on foreign investment in the UK.BREXIT 2016, p.24. Geerlings, H., Kuipers, B. and Zuidwijk, R. eds., 2017.Ports and Networks: Strategies, Operations and Perspectives. Routledge. Grainger, A., 2016. Customs management in multinational companies.World Customs Journal,10(2), pp.17-35. Gond, J.P., 2016.The adoption of Authorised Economic Operator standards in the UK: An intrinsic qualitative case study(Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Management Cass Business School, City University London). Hughes, M., 2017. How the Authorised Economic Operator-status affects a companys logistics operations. Kasperbauer, T.J., 2017. The permissibility of nudging for sustainable energy consumption.Energy Policy,111, pp.52-57. Kee, H.L. and Nicita, A., 2017. Short-term impact of Brexit on the United Kingdom's export of goods. Lu, G. and Koufteros, X.A., 2014. Adopting security practices for transport logistics: institutional effects and performance drivers.International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics,6(6), pp.611-631. MacDonald, S., 2016. The impact of Brexit on the UKs reputation, influence and soft power.Cultural Trends,25(4), pp.280-286. Mai, T., Barrows, C., Lopez, A., Hale, E., Dyson, M. and Eurek, K., 2015.Implications of model structure and detail for utility planning: scenario case studies using the resource planning model(No. NREL/TP-6A20-63972). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Masouros, P. and Papadopoulos, T., 2016. The Impact of Brexit on UK Company Law.European Company Law,13(6), pp.208-209. McGrattan, E.R. and Waddle, A., 2017.The Impact of Brexit on Foreign Investment and Production(No. w23217). National Bureau of Economic Research. Mendez-Parra, M., teVelde, D.W. and Winters, L.A., 2016. The impact of the UK's post-Brexit trade policy on development. Thompson, A.L., 2016. Preparing for the Energy Future by Creating It: What State Public Utility Commissions Can Do to Promote Sustainable Energy Policies.Geo. Wash. J. Energy Envtl. L.,7, p.215. Urciuoli, L. and Ekwall, D., 2015. 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The Organisational Organ Known As The Team Is Becoming More And More A

The organisational organ known as the team is becoming more and more apparent in today's dynamic business world. Increasingly managers are searching for a means to improve production and keep their organisation competitive in the global market. A lot of these managers have turned to the team as a means for achieving this improvement. Quality circles were looked at to fulfil this role. However, this form of team is being phased out and may have posed as incubator for the current trend; self - managed work teams (Klein, 1995). These teams are increasingly being looked at today to solve many an organisation's production problems and inefficiencies, and in the process are both badly failing and greatly succeeding. Therefore, the discussion of teams is a very important contemporary management issue to address. Managers should be aware of such a concept and learn about it so as a means to further their organisation and for when the time comes to implement a team they are armed with enough knowledge to implement the team properly. As with many management trends or processes, they are often labeled, producing a huge list of buzzwords, like total quality management, just in time management, management by objectives, downsizing, rightsizing, etc. The organisational team also pulls a long chain of buzzwords; workgroup, work team, project team, project group, task force, committees and so on and so on. What these terms basically refer to is a collection of two or more individuals who interact with each other, share common beliefs, and perceive themselves as being in a group. (Vecchio, Hearn, Southey, 1996:846). This is a very basic interpretation of a team and which can be expanded upon. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company defines a team more specifically as a group of people with specific roles and responsibilities, organised to work together toward common goals or objectives, in which each member depends on others to carry out responsibilities to reach those goals and objectives. (1986, cited in Denton, 1992:87). The implementation and operation of a team can either be a great success or a costly failure, both money wise and time wise. Many companies have benefited from teams, as Dumaine (1994) points out, when teams work, there's nothing like them for turbocharging productivity. There are many examples of successful implementation of teams. To name a few, Federal Express and IDS boosted productivity by 40% and Boeing cut its engineering hang-ups on its new 777 passenger jet by more than half. (Dumaine, 1994). The Ford Motor Company in the United States also had great success with teams when producing the new Mustang prototype. Ford produced the Mustang from design concept to the finished product under budget and in record time. (Klein, 1995). However, many companies and managers are put off by the very mention of the word team. As McGarvey (1996) suggests, are teams just another management fad or are they for real? He also points out that ... many businesses have had bad experiences with teams that flopped. (McGarvey, 1996:80). As is also pointed out by Magee (1997:26) ... ill - functioning teams can cause disastrous effects on the individuals involved, the organisation's service delivery and customer service reputation, and the mood of the entire organisation. So, there is little wonder why many organisations and mangers are disillusioned by teams and apprehensive to implement them. Evidence of this apprehension could be interpreted from a study conducted by the Centre for Effective Organisations at the University of Southern California. The Centre conducted a survey of Fortune 1000 companies and found that 68% of those companies used self - managed work teams. However, on the flip - side, only 10% of total workers are i n such teams. (Dumaine, 1994). Not a large percentage of the total workers. These results may suggest that most companies are still learning and piloting work teams and are not ready to throw themselves into committing large chunks of their workforce to work teams. As organisations and managers hear the success stories of Federal Express, IDS and the Ford Motor Company, they also want in on the action and want the benefits of successful team implementation as well. However, they obviously want to steer clear of the possible problems and costs that unsuccessful team